The Renaissance herbarium kept in the Royal Library of the Monastery of El Escorial, which came from the legacy of Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, is here studied for the first time from a botanical point of view. This herbarium is made up of four bound volumes containing a total of 988 plants, for which the scientific name is provided. It has not been possible to establish with certainty the origin, the date of its creation or the botanist or botanists who contributed to its preparation. It was likely acquired from an intermediary or unknown botanist during the period when its owner was imperial ambassador in Venice and Rome, between 1539 and 1554, and that the plants it contains are of Italian origin.
Resumen
El herbario renacentista conservado en la Real Biblioteca del Monasterio del Escorial procedente del legado de Diego Hurtado de Mendoza es estudiado aquí por primera vez desde el punto de vista botánico. Este herbario está formado por cuatro volúmenes encuadernados que contienen un total de 988 plantas, para las que se indica su nombre científico. No se ha podido establecer con certeza el origen, la fecha de creación ni el botánico o botánicos que contribuyeron a su preparación, pero se considera como verosímil que fuera adquirido a un intermediario o botánico desconocido en el periodo en el que su propietario fue embajador imperial en Venecia y Roma, entre 1539 y 1554 y que las plantas que contiene sean de procedencia italiana.
History of BotanyRenaissance herbariaMendozaEl EscorialHistoria de la botánicaherbarios del RenacimientoMendozaEl EscorialINTRODUCTION
Diego Hurtado de Mendoza (c. 1503–1575) was born in Granada, where he received his first humanistic education from a preceptor. He later continued his studies at the Universities of Granada and Salamanca, and in Italy. He was ambassador of Spanish King Charles I (Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor) in Venice from 1539 to 1546 and later the imperial ambassador to Rome from 1547 to 1554. Thanks to his considerable wealth and his interest in knowledge, he built up an important library with hundreds of unique books and manuscripts, for which he had hired Arnaout van Eynthouts in 1542, first as a bookseller's agent and later as the head of his library (Andretta & Pardo-Tomás 2020: 3, 9).
During his stay in Italy, he took advantage of his presence in one of the most important centres for the printing and sale of books and manuscripts to enlarge his library (Andrés 1964: 238). In this context, and considering that he was also at the epicentre of the genesis of the herbaria as a new tool for botanical work (Cristofolini 2024), it is plausible to think that the four volumes of the Mendoza herbarium were acquired in Venice or Rome during the aforementioned period.
Hurtado de Mendoza returned to Spain in 1554, dividing his time between Granada and the court. After his death in 1575, his library was acquired by King Philip II and incorporated, in June 1576, into the library that the monarch was establishing in the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial. Andrés (1964: 239) found and published a copy of the inventory of the Mendoza library, made around 1577, based on the one started by Lucas Gracián when the library was moved to El Escorial.
This inventory mentions the four volumes that are the subject of this article, which are noted as “Herbarium cum herbis ipsis adfiixis quatuor tomis” within the group of Latin medical manuscripts (Andrés 1964: 249). In the Library of the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial (also known as the Escurialense or the Laurentina Library) there are ten other ancient herbaria, nine of them bound, which, on preliminary examination, appear to have been compiled in the 18th century.
In the botanical literature examined, the first mention of the presence of herbaria in the library of El Escorial is by J.P. de Tournefort, who visited the Monastery in the autumn of 1688, following the Mexican plants of Francisco Hernández de Toledo (Tournefort 1700: 44). This author confirmed in the Isagoge, or introduction to his book, that he found only European plants, without specifying which herbaria he was shown. Quer (1762: 178), in his translation of Tournefort's text in the first volume of the Flora Española, recalls this fact without adding further details.
M. Colmeiro again gives news of the herbarium at the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial when he refers to Tournefort: “[...] habiendo visitado el Escorial, donde le mostraron un herbario de plantas indígenas en lugar del mejicano de Hernández. Pudo haber sido el de don Diego de Mendoza, acaso formado en Italia, que habia adquirido Felipe II en 1576, con los libros de que se hizo dueño, y que todavía existe en la Biblioteca alta del Escorial [...]” (Colmeiro 1858: 68), and further on when referring to F. Hernández: “Es indudable que fué presentado á Tournefort, cuando atravesó la Península en 1688, un herbario en varios tomos, tenido por el de Hernández; pero aquel experimentado botánico lo declaró europeo, y pudo ser el mismo que hoy se conserva en la Biblioteca alta del Escorial, procedente de la librería de D. Diego de Mendoza, adquirida por Felipe II en 1576, según lo acredita una firma” (Colmeiro 1858: 154).
The main goal of this work is to identify the plants that make up the Mendoza Herbarium. We hope that this contribution will be useful in answering the questions that still remain about it, in conjunction with recent studies that have provided important results from other approaches (e.g., Carrión 2017; Andretta & Pardo-Tomás 2020, 2023).
MATERIAL AND METHODSVolumes of the Mendoza Herbarium
The herbarium is composed of four volumes: Volume I (‘Mesa 25-I-11’), Volume II (‘Mesa 25-I-12’), Volume III (‘Mesa 25-I-13’) and Volume IV (‘Mesa 25-I-14’) (Fig. 1). Their physical characteristics and general contents as well as the types of indexes have been described by Carrión (2017: 56-60).
The four volumes of the Mendoza Herbarium, in the summer room of the Library of the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial.
Catalogue order and samples
The plants are listed in the order in which they appear in each volume. The folia without plants are omitted. In cases where there was more than one fragment of the same species on each side of the folio, it was considered as a single sample.
Numbering of samples
Each sheet of paper (folium, hereafter abbreviated as ‘f’) has been numbered consecutively, beginning with the first one with text and ending with the last one with text or plant. Consequently, the interleaved blank folios are also numbered, but not the blank folios at the beginning and end of each book. In the final part of Volume II there are 16 smaller folios, turned 180º (probably due to a binding error), which have been numbered in the same way as the rest of the book (Fig. 2). Some minor differences have been noted with the numbering proposed by Carrión (2017) and Andretta & Pardo-Tomás (2020, 2023), probably due to the fact that neither the initial folios with text nor the intercalated white folios were included among the numbered folios.
Smaller<italic toggle="yes">folia</italic> turned 180º at the end of Volume II of the Mendoza Herbarium (f. 130v and f. 131r).
The right-side of each folium is the recto ( recto folio, hereafter abbreviated as ‘r’), and the back side the verso (verso folio, hereafter abbreviated as ‘v’). Most folia contain a single plant. Where there are several plants on each side, they are identified by a letter (a, b, etc.), arranged from left to right and from top to bottom. In the simplest case, the name of the plant is preceded by its location, as follows: f. 32v: Cordia myxa L. For more than one species on each side of the sheet, f. 92r, c: Trigonella caerulea (L.) Ser.; f. 92r, d: Peganum harmala L., etc.
Identification of samples
The identification of the samples was a complex process due to the sensitivity of the material and the impossibility of removing it from the library. The process was divided into two phases. In the first phase, a preliminary identification was carried out using images kindly provided by the director of the library, the results of which were recorded in a database. Unfortunately, these images did not have sufficient resolution to observe some of the diagnostic features. Therefore, in a second phase, a binocular microscope was brought to the library and all the identifications were checked again. For some complex groups we had the help of several colleagues with expertise in these groups, whose names are given after each specimen, who advised us on the identity of the plants in their speciality.
The identifications were made under the hypothesis that the plants were of Italian origin. Flora d’Italia (Pignatti, 1982, 2017–2019) and, secondarily, Flora iberica (Castroviejo, 1986–2021), as well as the revision of the Italian flora (Conti & al., 2005) and other Mediterranean or European floras (e.g., Tutin & al., 1964–1980), were used to name the represented taxa.
The results are not entirely satisfactory for a number of reasons. Firstly, some of the plants did not have sufficient characters for accurate identification or were simply fragments of leaves or stems. In some cases, the material had deteriorated considerably, although no active pests were detected at all. On the other hand, it seemed prudent to avoid dissection, which could damage such a delicate and valuable legacy. Consequently, the specimens were identified as far as reasonably possible, with varying degrees of precision depending on the case, in the following categories: dicot/monocot, family, genus, or species. Where the identification is indicative or approximate, it is indicated with by ‘cf.’ before the corresponding family, genus or specific epithet.
RESULTSSynopsis of herbarium contents
The Mendoza Herbarium consists of 988 samples, of which 981 are vascular plants. Among the vascular plants there are 20 pteridophytes, 9 gymnosperms and 952 angiosperms. The herbarium also contains two bryophytes, two lichens, one fungus and two corals. For operational reasons, we will refer to all specimens as plants. Although the four volumes are of similar size, Volume IV contains 47% of the plants because many of its folia are occupied by more than one plant, sometimes as many as seven (Table 1).
Number of folios and plants and dimensions of each volume of the Mendoza herbarium.
Volume
Number of folios
Number of plants
Volume size (mm)
Volume I
164
166
450 x 315 x 150
Volume II
140
218
450 x 315 x 135
Volume III
190
135
450 x 320 x 100
Volume IV
190
469
450 x 320 x 180
As already mentioned, the identifications have a variable degree of accuracy, some of them being only illustrative. A total of 749 plants have been identified to species level, of which 515 are distinct. The remainder were identified to genus (140), family (59) or main group (dicot/monocot) (40). The repetition of species within each volume is less than 10% (Table 2), while for the herbarium as a whole it is 31.2%.
Number of plants identified to species and number of distinct species in the Mendoza herbarium.
Volume
Number of plants identified to species
Number of distinct species
% of non-repeated species
Volume I
148
137
92.5
Volume II
147
135
91.8
Volume III
102
98
96.0
Volume IV
352
318
90.3
The plants identified belong to 110 different families, most of which are very poorly represented. Table 3 shows the ten families with the most specimens, which are generally the richest in Mediterranean floras. The underrepresentation in the Mendoza herbarium of Caryophyllaceae, Gramineae, Orchidaceae and Plumbaginaceae, which are generally among the families richest in species of the Mediterranean floras, is noteworthy. On the contrary, plants belonging to the Labiatae, Solanaceae and Umbelliferae seem to be somewhat overrepresented. There are no significant appreciable differences between the different volumes. About 40% of the plants are collected with underground organs, either roots, bulbs or rhizomes, which gives an idea of the exceptional importance given to these parts.
Best represented families of the Mendoza herbarium.
Family
Number of plants
Compositae
109
Labiatae
73
Umbelliferae
71
Leguminosae
57
Ranunculaceae
42
Cruciferae
38
Rosaceae
32
Solanaceae
29
Boraginaceae
28
Scrophulariaceae
23
The plants in the Mendoza herbarium seem to be arranged randomly, perhaps included as they were collected and dried. No organisation by morphological affinities or by use or any other conceivable means is apparent, either in the herbarium as a whole or in the volumes considered separately.
It is obvious that some of the plants in this herbarium were cultivated. This is the case of species of Asian origin that have been cultivated for food such as Colocasia esculenta, Cordia myxa, Cydonia oblonga or Solanum melongena. The same applies to species of Asian or African origin with a medicinal reputation, such as Aloe vera, Euphorbia tirucalli (Fig. 3), Melia azedarach or Momordica balsamina. Of course, American plants such as Datura stramonium, Lycopersicon esculentum, Phaseolus vulgaris or Tagetes erecta are also cultivated.
<italic toggle="yes">Euphorbia tirucalli</italic> L. (Volume I, f. 34v), a cultivated species native to semi-arid areas of Africa, preserved in the Mendoza Herbarium.
However, the vast majority of the species identified are native to temperate zones with a wide distribution, generally in the Mediterranean countries, but also European, circumboreal or cosmopolitan and they do not provide much information to clarify the origin of the herbarium. With regard to these species, it should be taken into account that although they may be native or even of restricted area, they may come from cultivated specimens in a garden and therefore do not provide much information on the precise origin of the herbarium.
Catalogue of the Mendoza Herbarium
Volume I
f. 6v Rosaceae, Crataegus cf. azarolus L.
f. 7v Rubiaceae, Asperula laevigata L.
f. 8v Rosaceae, Rosa cf. canina L.
f. 9v Euphorbiaceae, Euphorbia lathyris L.
f. 10r Orchidaceae
f. 10v Ranunculaceae, Ranunculus bullatus L.
f. 11v Solanaceae, Mandragora autumnalis Bertol.
f. 12v Labiatae, Marrubium vulgare L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 13v Labiatae, Stachys germanica L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 14v Solanaceae, Solanum melongena L.
f. 15v Euphorbiaceae, Euphorbia cf. peplis L.
f. 16v Polypodiaceae, Polypodium L.
f. 17v Leguminosae, Astragalus boeticus L.
f. 18v Palmae, Chamaerops humilis L.
f. 19v Colchicaceae, Colchicum cf. autumnale L.
f. 20v Papaveraceae, Papaver somniferum L.
f. 21v Labiatae, Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi [fide R. Morales].
f. 22v Euphorbiaceae, Euphorbia L.
f. 23v Polygonaceae, Polygonum cf. hydropiper L.
f. 24v Compositae, Tussilago farfara L.
f. 25v Cruciferae, Lobularia cf. maritima (L.) Desv.
f. 26v Boraginaceae, Heliotropium cf. europaeum L.
f. 27v Umbelliferae, Scandix cf. pecten-veneris L.
f. 28v, a Orchidaceae, Anacamptis pyramidalis (L.) Rich.
f. 28v, b Orchidaceae, Orchis cf. papilionacea L.
f. 29v Orchidaceae, Serapias L.
f. 30v Ranunculaceae, Adonis cf. annua L.
f. 31v Umbelliferae, Pastinaca sativa L.
f. 32v Boraginaceae, Cordia myxa L.
f. 33v Compositae, Phagnalon saxatile (L.) Cass.
f. 34v Euphorbiaceae, Euphorbia tirucalli L.
f. 35v Umbelliferae, Pimpinella cf. saxifraga L.
f. 36v Caryophyllaceae, Silene latifolia Poir.
f. 37v Iridaceae, Gladiolus italicus Mill.
f. 38v Plantaginaceae, Plantago serraria L.
f. 39v Aspleniaceae, Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newman
f. 44v Aristolochiaceae, Aristolochia cf. longa L.
f. 45v Umbelliferae, Sanicula europaea L.
f. 46v Labiatae, Mentha aquatica L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 47v Umbelliferae, Ammoides pusilla (Brot.) Breistr.
f. 48v Solanaceae, Atropa belladonna L.
f. 49v Malvaceae, Lavatera olbia L.
f. 50v Caprifoliaceae, Sambucus nigra L.
f. 51v Labiatae, Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. [fide R. Morales].
f. 52v Meliaceae, Melia azedarach L.
f. 53v Cruciferae, Nasturtium officinale R.Br.
f. 54v Umbelliferae, Bupleurum rotundifolium L.
f. 55v Boraginaceae, Cynoglossum cheirifolium L.
f. 56v Liliaceae, Lilium bulbiferum L.
f. 57v Compositae, Artemisia vulgaris L.
f. 58r Rubiaceae, cf. Galium L.
f. 59r Ranunculaceae, Delphinium cf. staphysagria L.
f. 59v Paeoniaceae, Paeonia mascula (L.) Mill.
f. 60v Boraginaceae, Heliotropium cf. europaeum L.
f. 62r Solanaceae, Solanum cf. melongena L.
f. 62v Compositae, Tanacetum vulgare L.
f. 63v Labiatae, Stachys germanica L.
f. 64v Tamaricaceae, Tamarix cf. gallica L.
f. 65v Plantaginaceae, Plantago cf. coronopus L.
f. 66v Araceae, Colocasia cf. esculenta (L.) Schott
f. 67v Papaveraceae, Papaver dubium L.
f. 68v Caryophyllaceae, Stellaria media (L.) Vill.
f. 69v Umbelliferae, Daucus L.
f. 70v Compositae, Centaurea calcitrapa L.
f. 71v Geraniaceae, Erodium moschatum (L.) L'Hér.
f. 72v Chenopodiaceae, Atriplex halimus L.
f. 73v, a Convolvulaceae, Cuscuta cf. epilinum Boenn. [fide M.Á. García].
f. 73v, b Linaceae, Linum L.
f. 74v Compositae, cf. Anthemis L.
f. 75v Compositae, Galactites tomentosa Moench
f. 76v Compositae, Bellis sylvestris Cyr.
f. 77v Orchidaceae, Dactylorhiza cf. sambucina (L.) Soó
f. 78v Pinaceae, Pinus cf. halepensis Mill.
f. 79v Rosaceae, Potentilla reptans L.
f. 80v Plantaginaceae, Plantago major L.
f. 81v Apocynaceae, Vinca major L.
f. 82v Primulaceae, Cyclamen cf. hederifolium Aiton
f. 83v Rosaceae, Sanguisorba cf. minor Scop.
f. 84v Palmae, Chamaerops humilis L.
f. 85v, a Convolvulaceae, Cuscuta cf. epithymum (L.) L. [fide M.Á. García].
f. 85v, b Labiatae, Thymbra cf. capitata (L.) Cav.
f. 86v Plantaginaceae, Plantago lanceolata L.
f. 87v Compositae, Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter
f. 88v Papaveraceae, Glaucium corniculatum (L.) Rudolph
f. 89v Geraniaceae, Geranium rotundifolium L.
f. 90v Cruciferae, Cheiranthus cheiri L.
f. 91v Rutaceae, Ruta chalepensis L.
f. 92v Euphorbiaceae, Euphorbia cf. lathyris L.
f. 93v Compositae, Urospermum picroides (L.) F.W.Schmidt
f. 94v Leguminosae, Medicago L.
f. 95v Juncaceae, Juncus acutus L.
f. 96v Ranunculaceae, Nigella damascena L.
f. 97v Dipsacaceae, Dipsacus fullonum L.
f. 98v Valerianaceae, Valeriana officinalis L.
f. 99v Leguminosae, Coronilla cf. valentina L.
f. 100v Labiatae, Origanum vulgare L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 101v Compositae, Pallenis spinosa (L.) Cass.
f. 102v Ranunculaceae, Ranunculus ficaria L.
f. 103v Umbelliferae, cf. Smyrnium olusatrum L.
f. 104v Polygonaceae, Rumex acetosa L.
f. 105v Rhamnaceae, Rhamnus alaternus L.
f. 106v Cruciferae, Raphanus sativus L.
f. 107v Geraniaceae, Erodium moschatum (L.) L'Hér.
f. 108v Thymelaeaceae, Daphne gnidium L.
f. 109v Compositae, Artemisia cf. abrotanum L.
f. 110v Umbelliferae, Thapsia garganica L.
f. 111r Solanaceae, Physalis alkekengi L.
f. 111v Umbelliferae, Apium nodiflorum (L.) Lag.
f. 112v Solanaceae, Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal
f. 113v Myrtaceae, Myrtus communis L.
f. 114v Compositae, Scolymus grandiflorus Desf.
f. 115v Verbenaceae, Vitex agnus-castus L.
f. 116v Umbelliferae, cf. Coriandrum sativum L.
f. 117v Rubiaceae, Rubia tinctorum L.
f. 118v Cruciferae, Lepidium latifolium L.
f. 119v Ranunculaceae, cf. Thalictrum L.
f. 120v Cruciferae, Alliaria petiolata (M.Bieb.) Cavara & Grande
f. 121v Leguminosae, Ceratonia siliqua L.
f. 122v Asparagaceae, Ruscus aculeatus L.
f. 123v Chenopodiaceae, Atriplex hortensis L.
f. 124v Campanulaceae, Trachelium coeruleum L.
f. 125v Compositae, Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G.Don
f. 126v Compositae, cf. Crepis L.
f. 127v Leguminosae, Dorycnium rectum (L.) Ser.
f. 128v Umbelliferae
f. 129v Asparagaceae, Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce
f. 130v Asphodelaceae, Aloe vera (L.) Burm. fil. [fide U. Eggli & I. Ahl].
f. 131v Compositae, Cichorium cf. intybus L.
f. 132v Compositae, Calendula officinalis L.
f. 133v Rosaceae, Rosa pimpinellifolia L.
f. 134v Cucurbitaceae, Bryonia dioica Jacq.
f. 135v Plantaginaceae, Plantago afra L.
f. 136v Urticaceae, Parietaria judaica L.
f. 137v Amaryllidaceae, Narcissus cf. tazetta L.
f. 138v Cruciferae, Lepidium sativum L.
f. 139v Umbelliferae
f. 140v Polypodiaceae, Polypodium cf. vulgare L.
f. 141v Labiatae, Salvia verbenaca L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 142v Rosaceae, Sorbus aucuparia L.
f. 143r, a Caryophyllaceae, Herniaria cf. glabra L.
f. 143r, b Caryophyllaceae, Herniaria cf. hirsuta L.
f. 145r Polygonaceae, Rumex cf. aquaticus L.
f. 146r Boraginaceae, Pulmonaria L.
f. 147r Labiatae, Ajuga reptans L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 148r Compositae, Filago cf. pyramidata L. [fide S. Andrés].
f. 149r Aristolochiaceae, Aristolochia cf. longa L.
f. 150r Compositae, Xanthium strumarium L.
f. 151r Umbelliferae, Heracleum L.
f. 152r Equisetaceae, Equisetum arvense L.
f. 153r Compositae, Achillea cf. ageratum L.
f. 154r Boraginaceae, Heliotropium europaeum L.
f. 155r Labiatae, Glechoma hederacea L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 156r Solanaceae, Hyoscyamus albus L.
f. 157r Leguminosae, Galega officinalis L.
f. 158r Scrophulariaceae, Verbascum cf. thapsus L.
f. 159r Compositae
f. 160r Thymelaeaceae, Daphne mezereum L.
f. 161r Polygonaceae, Rumex cf. aquaticus L.
f. 162r Compositae, Tanacetum vulgare L.
f. 163r Compositae, Arctium L.
f. 164r Malvaceae, Althaea officinalis L.
Volume II
f. 7v Scrophulariaceae, Linaria reflexa (L.) Desf.
f. 8v Compositae, Chrysanthemum coronarium L.
f. 9r Compositae
f. 10v Leguminosae, Anagyris foetida L.
f. 11v Compositae, Matricaria chamomillla L.
f. 12v Scrophulariaceae, Scrophularia peregrina L.
f. 13v Compositae, Tanacetum balsamita L.
f. 14v Labiatae, Nepeta tuberosa L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 15v Leguminosae, Lupinus albus L.
f. 16r Compositae, Bellis sylvestris Cyr.
f. 17v Gentianaceae, Centaurium cf. erythraea Rafn
f. 18v Orchidaceae, Orchis cf. morio L.
f. 19r Scrophulariaceae, cf. Parentucellia latifolia (L.) Caurel
f. 20v Labiatae, cf. Teucrium L.
f. 21v Thymelaeaceae, cf. Daphne L.
f. 22r Ranunculaceae, Helleborus viridis L.
f. 23r Cruciferae, Arabis collina Ten.
f. 24r Cruciferae, Lunaria rediviva L.
f. 25r Compositae
f. 26r Cruciferae
f. 27r Iridaceae, Iris lutescens Lam. [fide M.B. Crespo].
f. 28v Compositae, Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh.
f. 29v Umbelliferae, Ammoides pusilla (Brot.) Breistr.
f. 31v Caryophyllaceae, Paronychia argentea Lam.
f. 32v Asphodelaceae, Asphodelus fistulosus L.
f. 33v Cruciferae, Cakile maritima Scop.
f. 34v Iridaceae, Iris cf. germanica L. [fide M.B. Crespo].
f. 35v Solanaceae, Solanum dulcamara L.
f. 36r Solanaceae, Solanum nigrum L.
f. 36v Geraniaceae, Erodium moschatum (L.) L'Hér.
f. 37v Labiatae, Salvia sclarea L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 38v Dipsacaceae, Scabiosa cf. columbaria L.
f. 39v Labiatae, Hyssopus officinalis L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 40v Cruciferae
f. 42r Compositae, Artemisia cf. abrotanum L.
f. 42v Guttiferae, Hypericum L.
f. 43v Crassulaceae, Sedum cf. telephium L.
f. 44v Umbelliferae, Coriandrum sativum L.
f. 45v Umbelliferae, Kundmannia sicula (L.) DC.
f. 46v, a Orobanchaceae, Orobanche L.
f. 46v, b Orobanchaceae, Orobanche L.
f. 47v Compositae, cf. Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh.
f. 48v Labiatae, Origanum majorana L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 49v Dicotyledon
f. 50v Umbelliferae, Anethum graveolens L.
f. 51v Labiatae, Lavandula stoechas L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 52v Umbelliferae
f. 54v Solanaceae, Solanum nigrum L.
f. 55v Alismataceae, Alisma plantago-aquatica L.
f. 56v Araliaceae, Hedera helix L.
f. 57v Anacardiaceae, Pistacia vera L.
f. 58v Labiatae, Phlomis fruticosa L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 59v Tamaricaceae, Tamarix L.
f. 60v Rosaceae, Filipendula vulgaris Moench
f. 61v Araceae, Dracunculus vulgaris Schott
f. 62v Leguminosae, Trigonella foenum-graecum L.
f. 63v Leguminosae, Tetragonolobus cf. purpureus Moench
f. 64v Cucurbitaceae, Bryonia dioica Jacq.
f. 65v Asclepiadaceae, Cynanchum acutum L.
f. 66v Cupressaceae, Cupressus L.
f. 67v Santalaceae, Osyris alba L.
f. 68v Anacardiaceae, Pistacia terebinthus L.
f. 69v Urticaceae, Urtica membranacea Poir.
f. 70v Umbelliferae, Echinophora spinosa L.
f. 71v Iridaceae, Iris cf. germanica L. [fide M.B. Crespo].
f. 72v Ranunculaceae, Anemone hortensis L.
f. 73v Amaryllidaceae, Allium triquetrum L.
f. 74v Umbelliferae
f. 75v Umbelliferae, cf Cachrys sicula L.
f. 76v Euphorbiaceae, Mercurialis annua L.
f. 77v Capparidaceae, Capparis spinosa L.
f. 78v Polygonaceae, Polygonum cf. aviculare L.
f. 79v Aspleniaceae, Ceterach officinarum Willd.
f. 80v Umbelliferae, Tordylium apulum L.
f. 81v Umbelliferae
f. 82v Umbelliferae
f. 83v Umbelliferae
f. 84v Euphorbiaceae, cf. Euphorbia cyparissias L.
f. 85r Crassulaceae, cf. Sedum telephium L.
f. 85v Boraginaceae, Buglossoides purpurocaerulea (L.) I.M.Johnst.
f. 86v Colchicaceae, Colchicum L.
f. 87v Solanaceae, Hyoscyamus albus L.
f. 88v Solanaceae, Mandragora autumnalis Bertol.
f. 89v Cruciferae
f. 90v Chenopodiaceae
f. 91v Primulaceae, Anagallis cf. arvensis L.
f. 92r, a Labiatae, cf. Lycopus L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 92r, b Leguminosae
f. 92r, c Leguminosae, Trigonella caerulea (L.) Ser.
f. 92r, d Zygophyllaceae, Peganum harmala L.
f. 92r, e Resedaceae, Reseda lutea L.
f. 92r, f Malvaceae, Althaea cannabina L.
f. 93r, a Polygonaceae, Polygonum L.
f. 93r, b Liliaceae, Lilium cf. bulbiferum L.
f. 93r, c Orchidaceae, Listera ovata (L.) R.Br.
f. 93r, d Cruciferae, Cardamine pentaphyllos (L.) Crantz
f. 93r, e Solanaceae
f. 93r, f Scrophulariaceae, Melampyrum cristatum L.
f. 94r, a cf. Ranunculaceae
f. 94r, b Dicotyledon
f. 95r, a Aceraceae, Acer campestre L.
f. 95r, b Leguminosae, Lathyrus L.
f. 95r, c Caprifoliaceae, Viburnum lantana L.
f. 95r, d Cyperaceae, Eriophorum latifolium Hoppe
f. 95r, e Dicotyledon
f. 95r, f Rutaceae, Dictamnus albus L.
f. 95r, g Dicotyledon
f. 96r, a Compositae, Arnica montana L.
f. 96r, b Liliaceae, Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) Mill.
f. 96r, c Cruciferae, Biscutella cf. laevigata L.
f. 96r, d Ranunculaceae, Anemone cf. coronaria L.
f. 96r, e Asparagaceae, Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All.
f. 96r, f Pinaceae, Larix decidua Mill.
f. 97r, a Asparagaceae, Anthericum liliago L.
f. 97r, b Rosaceae, Geum montanum L.
f. 97r, c Primulaceae, Primula cf. veris L.
f. 97r, d Asparagaceae, Convallaria majalis L.
f. 97r, e Guttiferae, Hypericum L.
f. 98r, a Compositae, Senecio cf. doria SE-Europ.
f. 98r, b Campanulaceae, Campanula trachelium L.
f. 98r, c Compositae
f. 98r, d Papaveraceae, cf. Papaver L.
f. 98r, e Ranunculaceae, Nigella damascena L.
f. 99r, a Melianthiaceae, Veratrum cf. album L.
f. 99r, b Ophyoglossaceae, Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw.
f. 101r Compositae, Achillea cf. millefolium L.
f. 101v Dicotyledon
f. 102r Ranunculaceae, Helleborus L.
f. 102v Compositae, Sonchus tenerrimus L.
f. 103r Compositae
f. 103v Dicotyledon
f. 104r Rutaceae, Ruta chalepensis L.
f. 105r, a Labiatae, cf. Hyssopus L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 105r, b Dicotyledon
f. 106r Compositae
f. 107r Rosaceae, Filipendula vulgaris Moench
f. 108r Leguminosae, Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H.Stirt.
f. 109r Leguminosae, Vicia cf. cracca L.
f. 110r Labiatae, Lavandula angustifolia Mill. [fide R. Morales].
f. 110v Compositae, Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh.
f. 111r Caryophyllaceae, Paronychia Mill.
f. 112r Caryophyllaceae, Saponaria officinalis L.
f. 113r Cruciferae, Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop.
f. 114r Anacardiaceae, Pistacia terebinthus L.
f. 125v, a Dipsacaceae
f. 125v, b Dicotyledon
f. 125v, c Rosaceae, Potentilla L.
f. 125v, d Papaveraceae, Fumaria L.
f. 126v Ranunculaceae, Clematis flammula L.
f. 127r, a Rosaceae, Potentilla erecta L.
f. 127r, b Labiatae, Teucrium chamaedrys L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 127v Boraginaceae, Symphytum cf. officinale L.
f. 128r, a Orchidaceae, Dactylorhiza Nevski
f. 128r, b Aristolochiaceae, Asarum europaeum L.
f. 128v, a Polygonaceae, Rumex acetosa L.
f. 128v, b Leguminosae, Spartium junceum L.
f. 129r, a Primulaceae, Anagallis cf. arvensis L.
f. 129r, b Aspleniaceae, Asplenium trichomanes L.
f. 129r, c Ranunculaceae, Helleborus L.
f. 129r, d Dicotyledon
f. 129r, e Nymphaceae, Nuphar luteum (L.) Sm.
f. 129v, a Malvaceae, cf. Althaea cannabina L.
f. 129v, b Umbelliferae, Echinophora cf. spinosa L.
f. 129v, c Dicotyledon
f. 130r, a Cruciferae, Lepidium sativum L.
f. 130r, b Geraniaceae, Geranium molle L.
f. 130r, c Scrophulariaceae, Scrophularia L.
f. 130v, a Cucurbitaceae
f. 130v, b Polygonaceae, Polygonum aviculare L.
f. 131r, a Valerianaceae, Valeriana cf. officinalis L.
f. 131r, b Rosaceae, Agrimonia eupatoria L.
f. 131r, c Labiatae, cf. Melissa officinalis L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 131v, a Leguminosae, Trifolium L.
f. 131v, b Verbenaceae, Verbena officinalis L.
f. 131v, c Plantaginaceae, Plantago cf. media L.
f. 131v, d Papaveraceae, Chelidonium majus L.
f. 132r, a Papaveraceae, Papaver cf. somniferum L.
f. 132r, b Dicotyledon
f. 132r, c Violaceae, Viola L.
f. 132v, a cf. Labiatae, [fide R. Morales].
f. 132v, b Labiatae, Stachys officinalis (L.) Trevis. [fide R. Morales].
f. 132v, c Orchidaceae, Orchis morio L.
f. 132v, d Caprifoliaceae, Lonicera cf. implexa Aiton
f. 133r, a Boraginaceae, Echium L.
f. 133r, b Orchidaceae
f. 133v, a Cruciferae, Cheiranthus cheiri L.
f. 133v, b cf. Umbelliferae
f. 134r, a Solanaceae
f. 134r, b Aspleniaceae, Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newman
f. 134r, c Labiatae, Lamium bifidum Cirillo [fide R. Morales].
f. 134v, a Compositae
f. 134v, b Compositae, Achillea L.
f. 134v, c Boraginaceae
f. 134v, d Ranunculaceae, cf. Ranunculus flammula L.
f. 135r Iridaceae, Iris L.
f. 135v, a Dicotyledon
f. 135v, b Dicotyledon
f. 135v, c Solanaceae, Hyoscyamus niger L.
f. 136r, a Labiatae, Marrubium vulgare L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 136r, b Labiatae, Teucrium polium L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 136r, c Boraginaceae, Echium cf. italicum L.
f. 136v, a Labiatae, Stachys annua (L.) L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 136v, b Dicotyledon
f. 137r Acanthaceae, Acanthus mollis L.
f. 137v, a Dicotyledon
f. 137v, b Labiatae, [fide R. Morales].
f. 137v, c Guttiferae, Hypericum cf. perforatum L.
f. 138r, a Scrophulariaceae, Verbascum L.
f. 138r, b Rosaceae, Fragaria vesca L.
f. 138v, a Compositae, Eupatorium cannabinum L.
f. 138v, b Labiatae, Thymus pulegioides L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 138v, c Equisetaceae, Equisetum cf. arvense L.
f. 139v Solanaceae, Physalis alkekengi L.
f. 140r, a Paeoniaceae, Paeonia L.
f. 140r, b Compositae, cf. Artemisia L.
f. 140r, c Compositae, cf. Tanacetum L.
f. 140v, a Labiatae, Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreb. [fide R. Morales].
f. 140v, b Leguminosae, Vicia cf. cracca L.
Volume III
f. 6v Araliaceae, Hedera helix L.
f. 7r Cyperaceae, Cyperus L.
f. 7v Asparagaceae, Scilla hyacinthoides L.
f. 8r Melianthiaceae, Veratrum L.
f. 8v Dicotyledon
f. 9v Papaveraceae, Chelidonium majus L.
f. 10v Leguminosae, Anthyllis tetraphylla L.
f. 11v Posidoniaceae, Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile
f. 12v Compositae, Inula helenium L.
f. 13v Araceae, Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott
f. 14v Scrophulariaceae, Digitalis L.
f. 15v Colchicaceae, cf. Colchicum L.
f. 16v Plumbaginaceae, Limonium cf. narbonense Mill.
f. 17v Euphorbiaceae, Euphorbia L.
f. 18v Euphorbiaceae, Euphorbia cf. pinea L.
f. 19v Umbelliferae
f. 20v Ranunculaceae, Anemone coronaria L.
f. 21v Cucurbitaceae, Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich.
f. 22v Compositae, Achillea cf. millefolium L.
f. 23r Compositae, cf. Anthemis L.
f. 23v Umbelliferae, Foeniculum vulgare Mill.
f. 24v Leguminosae, Melilotus Mill.
f. 25v Leguminosae, Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H. Stirt.
f. 26v Scrophulariaceae, Verbascum L.
f. 27v Labiatae, Teucrium flavum L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 28v Labiatae, Stachys officinalis (L.) Trevis. [fide R. Morales].
f. 29v Scrophulariaceae, Verbascum cf. sinuatum L.
f. 30v Acanthaceae, Acanthus mollis L.
f. 31v Ranunculaceae, Helleborus foetidus L.
f. 32v Crassulaceae, Sedum cf. sediforme (Jacq.) Pau
f. 33v Crassulaceae, cf. Aeonium Webb & Berthel.
f. 34v, a Boraginaceae, Anchusa cf. azurea Mill.
f. 34v, b Boraginaceae, Echium plantagineum L.
f. 35v Punicaceae, Punica granatum
f. 36v Labiatae, Prasium majus L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 37v Adiantaceae, Adiantum capillus-veneris L.
f. 38v Geraniaceae, Geranium cf. robertianum L.
f. 39v Labiatae, Melissa officinalis L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 40v Apocynaceae, Nerium oleander L.
f. 41v, a Compositae, Senecio L.
f. 41v, b cf. Cruciferae
f. 42v Cruciferae, Cheiranthus cheiri L.
f. 43v Resedaceae, Reseda alba L.
f. 44v Ranunculaceae, Consolida ajacis (L.) Schur
f. 45v Labiatae, Teucrium chamaedrys L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 46v Labiatae, Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi [fide R. Morales].
f. 47v Compositae, Senecio vulgaris L.
f. 48v Cruciferae, Brassica napus L.
f. 49v Cyperaceae, Cyperus longus L.
f. 50v Cruciferae, Sisymbrium irio L.
f. 51v Compositae, Carduus cf. pycnocephalus L.
f. 52v Compositae
f. 53v Compositae, Taraxacum F.H.Wigg.
f. 54v Verbenaceae, Verbena officinalis L.
f. 55v Labiatae, Teucrium cf. polium L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 56v Caryophyllaceae, Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke
f. 57v Umbelliferae, Opopanax chironium (L.) W.D.J.Koch
f. 58v Umbelliferae, Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam.
f. 59v Ranunculaceae, Delphinium staphysagria L.
f. 60v Compositae, Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.-Bip.
f. 61v Valerianaceae, Fedia cornucopiae (L.) Gaertner
f. 62v Compositae, Senecio L.
f. 63v Platanaceae, Platanus orientalis L.
f. 64v Convolvulaceae, Calystegia soldanella (L.) R.Br.
f. 65v Cruciferae, Biscutella L.
f. 66v Compositae, Coleostephus myconis (L.) Cass.
f. 67v Boraginaceae, Echium L.
f. 68v Valerianaceae, Centranthus ruber
f. 69v Compositae, Aetheorhiza bulbosa (L.) Cass.
f. 70v Compositae, Sonchus tenerrimus L.
f. 71v Labiatae, Prunella vulgaris L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 72v Boraginaceae, Symphytum bulbosum K.F.Schimp.
f. 73v Araceae, cf. Biarum tenuifolium (L.) Schott
f. 74v Dicotyledon
f. 75v Umbelliferae, Ammi majus L.
f. 76v Labiatae, Mentha pulegium L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 77v Chenopodiaceae, Chenopodium cf. album L.
f. 78v Compositae, Carthamus pinnatus Desf.
f. 79v Umbelliferae, Apium graveolens L.
f. 80v Labiatae, Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb. [fide R. Morales].
f. 81v Labiatae, Nepeta tuberosa L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 82v Iridaceae, Iris pseudacorus L. [fide M.B. Crespo].
f. 83v Iridaceae, Iris pseudacorus L. [fide M.B. Crespo].
f. 84v Papaveraceae, Fumaria L.
f. 85v Papaveraceae, Fumaria L.
f. 86v Umbelliferae
f. 88v Labiatae, Mentha spicata L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 89v Rubiaceae, Cruciata laevipes Opiz
f. 90v Orchidaceae, Ophrys L.
f. 91v Rosaceae, Fragaria vesca L.
f. 92v Rosaceae, Geum urbanum L.
f. 93v Compositae, Sonchus cf. asper (L.) Hill
f. 94v Dicotyledon
f. 95v Euphorbiaceae, Euphorbia L.
f. 96v Chenopodiaceae, Salsola kali L.
f. 97v Zygophyllaceae, Tribulus terrestris L.
f. 98v Compositae, Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G.Don
f. 99v Aquifoliaceae, Ilex aquifolium L.
f. 100v Umbelliferae, Bupleurum lancifolium Hornem.
f. 101v Euphorbiaceae, Euphorbia paralias L.
f. 102v Orchidaceae, cf. Epipactis Zinn
f. 103v Ranunculaceae, Helleborus L.
f. 104v Coral, Cnidaria
f. 105v Boraginaceae, Heliotropium europaeum L.
f. 106v Cruciferae, Lepidium latifolium L.
f. 107v Hepaticophyta, Conocephalaceae, Conocephalum cf. conicum (L.) Dumort. [fide P. Heras, M. Infante & M.J. Cano].
f. 108v Chenopodiaceae, cf. Suaeda J.F.Gmel.
f. 109v Araceae, Biarum tenuifolium (L.) Schott
f. 110v Cruciferae, Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.
f. 111v Plantaginaceae, Plantago serraria L.
f. 113v Ranunculaceae, Ranunculus L.
f. 114v Thymelaeaceae, Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Endl.
f. 115v Crassulaceae, Umbilicus horizontalis (Guss.) DC.
f. 116v Asparagaceae, Asparagus albus L.
f. 117v Asparagaceae, Asparagus acutifolius L.
f. 118v Compositae, Achillea nobilis L.
f. 119r Araceae, Arum L.
f. 119v Compositae, Artemisia cf. arborescens L.
f. 120v Rosaceae, Agrimonia eupatoria L.
f. 121v Aristolochiaceae, Asarum europaeum L.
f. 122v Campanulaceae, Campanula trachelium L.
f. 123v Umbelliferae, Eryngium cf. triquetrum Vahl
f. 124v Compositae, Cirsium acaule (L.) Scop.
f. 125v Umbelliferae, Smyrnium rotundifolium Mill.
f. 126v Cistaceae, Cistus incanus L.
f. 127v Anacardiaceae, Rhus coriaria L.
f. 128v Compositae
f. 129v Cyperaceae, Cyperus esculentus L.
f. 130v Umbelliferae
f. 131v Boraginaceae, Echium plantagineum L.
f. 132r Moraceae, Ficus carica L.
f. 132v Caprifoliaceae, Sambucus nigra L.
f. 133v Urticaceae, Urtica pilulifera L.
f. 134r Moraceae, Ficus carica L.
f. 134v Aspleniaceae, Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newman
Volume IV
f. 7r Leguminosae, Glycyrrhiza echinata L.
f. 8r, a Anacardiaceae, Pistacia terebinthus L.
f. 8r, b Leguminosae, Cercis siliquastrum L.
f. 9r Plumbaginaceae, Limonium cf. narbonense Mill.
f. 10r, a cf. Euphorbiaceae
f. 10r, b Papaveraceae, Chelidonium majus L.
f. 10r, c Euphorbiaceae, Euphorbia cf. paralias L.
f. 10r, d Asphodelaceae, Aloe L.
f. 11r, a Thymelaeaceae, Daphne L.
f. 11r, b Umbelliferae
f. 11r, c Ascomycota-Lecanorales, Parmeliaceae, Ramalina cf. farinacea (L.) Ach. [fide V. Jiménez Rico].
f. 11r, d Ascomycota-Lecanorales, Parmeliaceae, Usnea cf. rubicunda Stirt. [fide V. Jiménez Rico].
f. 12r, a Ranunculaceae, Ranunculus ficaria L.
f. 12r, b Basidiomycota-Auriculariales, Auriculariaceae, Auricularia cf. auricula-judae (Bull.) Quél. [fide M. Dueñas].
f. 12r, c Amaryllidaceae, Narcissus cf. tazetta L.
f. 13r, a Ericaceae, Erica cf. arborea L.
f. 13r, b Tamaricaceae, Myricaria germanica (L.) Desv.
f. 13r, c Gentianaceae, Centaurium erythraea Rafn
f. 13r, d Labiatae, Hyssopus officinalis L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 14r, a Dipsacaceae, Scabiosa L.
f. 14r, b Orobanchaceae, Orobanche L.
f. 14r, c Anacardiaceae, Pistacia lentiscus L.
f. 15r, a Gramineae, Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv.
f. 15r, b Compositae, Calendula officinalis L.
f. 15r, c Amaryllidaceae, Allium L.
f. 15r, d Rosaceae, Alchemilla L.
f. 16r, a Compositae, Aster linosyris (L.) Bernh.
f. 16r, b Crassulaceae, Umbilicus rupestris (Salisb.) Dandy
f. 16r, c Umbelliferae, cf. Meum athamanticum Jacq.
f. 17r, a Rubiaceae, Crucianella maritima L.
f. 17r, b Umbelliferae, Eryngium cf. maritimum L.
f. 18r Umbelliferae, cf. Pimpinella L.
f. 19r, a Primulaceae, Cyclamen L.
f. 19r, b Labiatae, Ajuga reptans L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 19r, c Rosaceae, Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz
f. 20r, a Selaginellaceae, Selaginella cf. denticulata (L.) Link
f. 20r, b Compositae, Otanthus maritimus (L.) Hoffmanns. & Link
f. 21r Fagaceae, Quercus cf. petraea (Matt.) Liebl.
f. 22r Zygophyllaceae, Tribulus terrestris L.
f. 23r, a Pinaceae, Abies Mill.
f. 23r, b Liliaceae, Lilium cf. pomponium L.
f. 23r, c Ranunculaceae, Helleborus cf. bocconei Ten.
f. 24r, a Aristolochiaceae, Aristolochia rotunda L.
f. 24r, b Compositae, Tussilago farfara L.
f. 24r, c Rosaceae, Rosa L.
f. 24r, d Cruciferae, cf. Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC.
f. 25r, a Dicotyledon
f. 25r, b Umbelliferae, Laserpitium siler L. [fide J.P. Reduron].
f. 25r, c Ranunculaceae, Thalictrum L.
f. 25r, d Leguminosae, Lupinus angustifolius L.
f. 25r, e Leguminosae, Lupinus albus L.
f. 26r, a Asparagaceae, Ruscus aculeatus L.
f. 26r, b Boraginaceae, Symphytum L.
f. 26r, c Araceae, Arum italicum Mill.
f. 27r, a Cornaceae, Cornus sanguinea L.
f. 27r, b Betulaceae, Ostrya carpinifolia Scop.
f. 28r Fagaceae, Quercus suber L.
f. 29r, a Resedaceae, Reseda phyteuma L.
f. 29r, b Caryophyllaceae, Silene cf. latifolia Poir.
f. 29r, c Betulaceae, Corylus avellana L.
f. 29r, d Rhamnaceae, Ziziphus jujuba Mill.
f. 29r, e Leguminosae, Colutea arborescens L.
f. 30r, a Polygonaceae, Polygonum lapathifolium L.
f. 30r, b Cruciferae, Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv.
f. 31r, a Labiatae, Thymus pulegioides L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 31r, b cf. Solanaceae
f. 31r, c Labiatae, Micromeria graeca (L.) Rchb. [fide R. Morales].
f. 31r, d Ranunculaceae, Clematis flammula L.
f. 32r, a Iridaceae, Crocus L.
f. 32r, b Asparagaceae, Asparagus officinalis L.
f. 32r, c Cupressaceae, Juniperus communis L.
f. 32r, d Cupressaceae, Juniperus communis L.
f. 33r, a Malvaceae, Alcea rosea L.
f. 33r, b Myrtaceae, Myrtus communis L.
f. 33r, c Myrtaceae, Myrtus communis L.
f. 34r, a Caprifoliaceae, Lonicera cf. implexa Aiton
f. 34r, b Leguminosae, Lathyrus palustris L.
f. 34r, c Rosaceae, Rosa L.
f. 35r, a Dicotyledon
f. 35r, b Ranunculaceae, Aquilegia cf. vulgaris L.
f. 35r, c Apocynaceae, Vinca difformis Pourr.
f. 36r, a Ranunculaceae, Ranunculus L.
f. 36r, b Rosaceae, Agrimonia eupatoria L.
f. 37r, a Posidoniaceae, Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile
f. 37r, b Rosaceae, Crataegus L.
f. 37r, c Oleaceae, Phillyrea angustifolia L.
f. 37r, d Labiatae, Teucrium flavum L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 38r, a Rhamnaceae, Rhamnus oleoides L.
f. 38r, b Compositae, Sonchus tenerrimus L.
f. 38r, c Ericaceae, Arbutus unedo L.
f. 39r, a Valerianaceae, Valeriana officinalis L.
f. 39r, b Ranunculaceae, Consolida regalis Gray
f. 39r, c Asparagaceae, Ruscus hypoglossum L.
f. 40r Solanaceae, Datura stramonium L.
f. 41r, a Compositae, Pallenis spinosa (L.) Cass.
f. 41r, b Scrophulariaceae, Misopates Raf.
f. 42r, a Labiatae, Ballota pseudodictamnus Benth. [fide R. Morales].
f. 42r, b Papaveraceae, Glaucium flavum Crantz
f. 42r, c Dicotyledon
f. 43r, a Leguminosae, Pisum sativum L.
f. 43r, b Leguminosae, Securigera securidaca (L.) Degen & Dörfl.
f. 44r, a Umbelliferae
f. 44r, b cf. Umbelliferae
f. 44r, c Leguminosae, Galega officinalis L.
f. 45r, a Rosaceae, Sorbus domestica L.
f. 45r, b Scrophulariaceae, Odontites Ludw.
f. 45r, c Grossulariaceae, Ribes L.
f. 46r, a Cistaceae, Cistus monspeliensis L.
f. 46r, b Compositae, Senecio vulgaris L.
f. 47r Caryophyllaceae, Silene L.
f. 48r, a Labiatae, Clinopodium vulgare L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 48r, b Chenopodiaceae, Atriplex prostrata DC.
f. 48r, c Onagraceae, Epilobium L.
f. 49r, a Scrophulariaceae, Linaria vulgaris Mill.
f. 49r, b Cruciferae, Cardaria draba (L.) Desv.
f. 49r, c Dioscoreaceae, cf. Tamus communis L.
f. 50r Aspleniaceae, Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newman
f. 51r, a Rhamnaceae, Rhamnus alaternus L.
f. 51r, b Rhamnaceae, Rhamnus alaternus L.
f. 51r, c Geraniaceae, Geranium molle L.
f. 51r, d Geraniaceae, Geranium dissectum L.
f. 51r, e Leguminosae, Trifolium pratense L.
f. 51r, f Geraniaceae, Erodium moschatum (L.) L'Hér.
f. 52r, a Ranunculaceae, Delphinium cf. staphysagria L.
f. 52r, b Umbelliferae
f. 53r, a Caprifoliaceae, Viburnum tinus L.
f. 53r, b Rosaceae, Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz
f. 53r, c Araliaceae, Hedera helix L.
f. 54r Solanaceae, Physalis alkekengi L.
f. 55r, a Dicotyledon
f. 55r, b Umbelliferae
f. 56r, a Boraginaceae, Heliotropium europaeum L.
f. 56r, b Compositae, Doronium cf. columnae Ten.
f. 56r, c Crassulaceae, Sedum cf. maximum L.
f. 56r, d Compositae, Helichrysum Mill.
f. 57r, a Labiatae, Prunella vulgaris L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 57r, b Gramineae, Lagurus ovatus L.
f. 57r, c Leguminosae, Trifolium angustifolium L.
f. 58r, a Solanaceae, Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal
f. 58r, b Labiatae, Origanum L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 58r, c Malvaceae, Gossypium herbaceum L.
f. 59r Cucurbitaceae, Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich.
f. 60r, a Thymelaeaceae, Daphne gnidium L.
f. 60r, b Aspleniaceae, Asplenium trichomanes L.
f. 60r, c Ranunculaceae, Nigella damascena L.
f. 61r, a Labiatae, Salvia cf. verbenaca L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 61r, b Amaryllidaceae, Sternbergia lutea (L.) Spreng.
f. 62r, a Rosaceae, Rosa L.
f. 62r, b Colchicaceae, Colchicum L.
f. 62r, c Compositae, Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter
f. 63r, a Umbelliferae, Daucus L.
f. 63r, b Umbelliferae, Tordylium apulum L.
f. 63r, c Labiatae, Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreb. [fide R. Morales].
f. 63r, d Umbelliferae, Daucus L.
f. 64r Polygonaceae, Rumex L.
f. 65r, a Compositae, Calendula cf. officinalis L.
f. 65r, b Verbenaceae, cf. Verbena officinalis L.
f. 65r, c Ulmaceae, Celtis australis L.
f. 66r, a Rosaceae, Sanguisorba minor Scop.
f. 66r, b Amaryllidaceae, Sternbergia lutea (L.) Spreng.
f. 66r, c Papaveraceae, Papaver somniferum L.
f. 67r, a Solanaceae, Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal
f. 67r, b Boraginaceae, Pulmonaria L.
f. 68r, a Convolvulaceae, Calystegia soldanella (L.) R. Br.
f. 68r, b Aristolochiaceae, Asarum europaeum L.
f. 69r Staphyleaceae, Staphylea pinnata L.
f. 70r Compositae, Inula helenium L.
f. 71r Scrophulariaceae, Scrophularia cf. canina L.
f. 72r Compositae, Tanacetum vulgare L.
f. 73r Melianthiaceae, Veratrum L.
f. 74r, a Solanaceae, Solanum dulcamara L.
f. 74r, b Euphorbiaceae, Euphorbia L.
f. 75r Leguminosae, Anagyris foetida L.
f. 76r Leguminosae, Phaseolus vulgaris L.
f. 77r Alismataceae, Alisma plantago-aquatica L.
f. 78r Oleaceae, Fraxinus ornus L.
f. 79r Umbelliferae, Opopanax chironium (L.) W.D.J.Koch
f. 80r, a Cruciferae, Lunaria annua L.
f. 80r, b Cruciferae, Lunaria annua L.
f. 80r, c Saxifragaceae, Saxifraga cf. rotundifolia L.
f. 80r, d Leguminosae, Medicago orbicularis (L.) Bartal.
f. 81r, a Geraniaceae, Geranium sanguineum L.
f. 81r, b Compositae, Artemisia L.
f. 81r, c Leguminosae, Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H. Stirt.
f. 82r Umbelliferae, Ammi majus L.
f. 83r, a Salicaceae, Populus alba L.
f. 83r, b Santalaceae, Thesium linophyllon L.
f. 83r, c Labiatae, Teucrium chamaedrys L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 84r, a Typhaceae, Typha latifolia L.
f. 84r, b Papaveraceae, Papaver L.
f. 84r, c Asparagaceae, Asparagus acutifolius L.
f. 84r, d Rosaceae, Mespilus germanica L.
f. 85r Cruciferae, Isatis tinctoria L.
f. 86r, a Iridaceae, Iris cf. germanica L. [fide M.B. Crespo].
f. 86r, b Iridaceae, Iris cf. florentina L. [fide M.B. Crespo].
f. 87r, a Umbelliferae
f. 87r, b Paeoniaceae, Paeonia officinalis L.
f. 88r, a Compositae, Tagetes erecta L.
f. 88r, b Leguminosae, Phaseolus vulgaris L.
f. 89r, a Solanaceae, Mandragora autumnalis Bertol.
f. 89r, b Polygonaceae, Polygonum L.
f. 89r, c Ranunculaceae, Anemone hortensis L.
f. 89r, d Ranunculaceae, Ranunculus L.
f. 89r, e Compositae, Centaurea cf. centaurium L.
f. 90r Acanthaceae, Acanthus mollis L.
f. 91r, a Solanaceae, Atropa belladonna L.
f. 91r, b Polygonaceae, Polygonum L.
f. 92r, a Scrophulariaceae, Cymbalaria Hill
f. 92r, b Rhamnaceae, Rhamnus cathartica L.
f. 93r, a Euphorbiaceae, Ricinus communis L.
f. 93r, b Labiatae, Salvia cf. officinalis L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 94r Ranunculaceae, Clematis vitalba L.
f. 95r Platanaceae, Platanus orientalis L.
f. 96r, a Cucurbitaceae, Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.
f. 96r, b Cucurbitaceae, Momordica balsamina L.
f. 97r, a Labiatae, Glechoma hederacea L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 97r, b Iridaceae, Iris L.
f. 98r, a Convolvulaceae, Convolvulus arvensis L.
f. 98r, b Rhamnaceae, Paliurus spina-christi Mill.
f. 98r, c Solanaceae, Capsicum annuum L.
f. 99r, a Scrophulariaceae, Bartsia trixago L.
f. 99r, b Hepaticophyta, Conocephalaceae, Conocephalum cf. conicum (L.) Dumort. [fide P. Heras, M. Infante & M.J. Cano].
f. 100r, a Cyperaceae, Cyperus L.
f. 100r, b Leguminosae, Melilotus Mill.
f. 100r, c Cyperaceae, Cyperus L.
f. 101r Umbelliferae, Heracleum sphondylium L.
f. 102r, a Labiatae, Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. [fide R. Morales].
f. 102r, b Labiatae, Teucrium cf. polium L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 103r, a Cruciferae, Cheiranthus cheiri L.
f. 103r, b Compositae, Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.-Bip.
f. 103r, c Compositae, Centaurea cf. cyanus L.
f. 104r Umbelliferae, cf. Anethum graveolens L.
f. 105r, a Crassulaceae, Sedum L.
f. 105r, b Valerianaceae, Valerianella Mill.
f. 105r, c Boraginaceae, Cerinthe L.
f. 105r, d Compositae, Pulicaria odora (L.) Rchb.
f. 106r, a Compositae, Cnicus benedictus L.
f. 106r, b Labiatae, Salvia sclarea L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 107r, a Iridaceae, Iris foetidissima L. [fide M.B. Crespo].
f. 107r, b Compositae, Achillea cf. millefolium L.
f. 107r, c Aristolochiaceae, Aristolochia cf. longa L.
f. 107r, d Labiatae, Satureja hortensis L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 108r, a Paeoniaceae, Paeonia cf. mascula (L.) Mill.
f. 108r, b Euphorbiaceae, Euphorbia L.
f. 108r, c Papaveraceae, Glaucium flavum Crantz
f. 109r Thymelaeaceae, Daphne laureola L.
f. 110r, a Cupressaceae, Juniperus cf. sabina L.
f. 110r, b Styracaceae, Styrax officinalis L.
f. 110r, c Dicotyledon
f. 110r, d Rafflesiaceae, Cytinus L.
f. 110r, e Aspleniaceae, Ceterach officinarum Willd.
f. 111r, a Salicaceae, Salix L.
f. 111r, b Compositae, Artemisia L.
f. 111r, c Compositae, Artemisia L.
f. 112r, a Compositae, Anthemis arvensis L.
f. 112r, b Compositae, Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Greuter
f. 113r, a Amaranthaceae, Celosia argentea L.
f. 113r, b Rosaceae, Crataegus azarolus L.
f. 113r, c Umbelliferae, cf. Myrrhis odorata (L.) Scop.
f. 114r Convolvulaceae, Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth
f. 115r Verbenaceae, Vitex agnus-castus L.
f. 116r Meliaceae, Melia azedarach L.
f. 117r, a Asparagaceae, Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce
f. 117r, b Araceae, cf. Biarum tenuifolium (L.) Schott
f. 118r Aceraceae, Acer campestre L.
f. 119r, a Umbelliferae, Smyrnium olusatrum L.
f. 119r, b Labiatae, Stachys officinalis (L.) Trevis. [fide R. Morales].
f. 120r, a Monocotyledon
f. 120r, b Euphorbiaceae, Euphorbia L.
f. 120r, c Dicotyledon
f. 120r, d Valerianaceae, Valeriana cf. officinalis L.
f. 121r Araceae, Dracunculus vulgaris Schott
f. 122r, a Orchidaceae, Orchis cf. papilionacea L.
f. 122r, b Asparagaceae, Muscari comosum (L.) Mill.
f. 122r, c Orchidaceae
f. 122r, d Papaveraceae, Papaver somniferum L.
f. 123r Coral, Cnidaria
f. 124r Leguminosae, cf. Ceratonia siliqua L.
f. 125r Primulaceae, Primula L.
f. 126r, a Gentianaceae, Blackstonia perfoliata (L.) Huds.
f. 126r, b Compositae, Carthamus tinctorius L.
f. 127r, a Ranunculaceae, Thalictrum L.
f. 127r, b Geraniaceae, Geranium phaeum L.
f. 128r Compositae
f. 129r, a Labiatae, Lamium maculatum L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 129r, b Caryophyllaceae, Saponaria officinalis L.
f. 130r, a Labiatae, Nepeta cataria L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 130r, b Monocotyledon
f. 130r, c Compositae, Santolina L.
f. 130r, d Dicotyledon
f. 130r, e Umbelliferae, cf. Crithmum maritimum L.
f. 130r, f Dicotyledon
f. 131r, a Rubiaceae, Rubia peregrina L.
f. 131r, b Labiatae, Teucrium scordium L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 131r, c Rosaceae, Potentilla cf. reptans L.
f. 132r, a Boraginaceae, Lithospermum officinale L.
f. 132r, b Umbelliferae, cf. Peucedanum ostruthium (L.) W.D.J.Koch
f. 133r Umbelliferae, Oenanthe L.
f. 134r, a Guttiferae, Hypericum perforatum L.
f. 134r, b Smilacaceae, Smilax aspera L.
f. 135r, a Solanaceae, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.
f. 135r, b Scrophulariaceae, Antirrhinum cf. tortuosum Vent. [fide J. Güemes].
f. 135r, c Chenopodiaceae, Salsola soda L.
f. 136r, a Rosaceae, Geum L.
f. 136r, b Plumbaginaceae, Plumbago europaea L.
f. 136r, b Compositae, Scolymus hispanicus L.
f. 137r, a Rutaceae, Dictamnus albus L.
f. 137r, b Solanaceae, Hyoscyamus albus L.
f. 137r, c Euphorbiaceae, Euphorbia L.
f. 138r Umbelliferae
f. 139r Cupressaceae, Cupressus cf. sempervirens L.
f. 140r, a Compositae, Inula conyza DC.
f. 140r, b Leguminosae, Dorycnium hirsutum (L.) Ser.
f. 141r, a Compositae, Tagetes erecta L.
f. 141r, b Equisetaceae, Equisetum telmateia Ehrh.
f. 141r, c Celastraeae, cf. Euonymus europaeus L.
f. 142r, a Orchidaceae, Dactylorhiza Nevski
f. 142r, b Asphodelaceae, Aloe L.
f. 143r, a Plumbaginaceae, Plumbago europaea L.
f. 143r, b Scrophulariaceae, Veronica anagallis-aquatica L.
f. 143r, c Compositae
f. 143r, d Oleaceae, Ligustrum vulgare L.
f. 144r, a cf. Boraginaceae
f. 144r, b Umbelliferae, cf. Ferula L.
f. 144r, c Umbelliferae, cf. Ferula L.
f. 144r, d Monocotyledon
f. 145r, a Dicotyledon
f. 145r, b Euphorbiaceae, Euphorbia cf. cyparissias L.
f. 145r, c Chenopodiaceae, Chenopodium botrys L.
f. 145v Araceae, Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott
f. 146r, a Araceae, Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott
f. 146r, b Sapindaceae, Cardiospermum halicacabum L.
f. 147r Malvaceae, Althaea officinalis L.
f. 148r Ranunculaceae, Aconitum L.
f. 149r, a Aspleniaceae, Asplenium onopteris L.
f. 149r, b Dryopteridaceae, Polystichum setiferum (Forssk.) Woynar
f. 150r, a Cistaceae, Cistus incanus L.
f. 150r, b Rafflesiaceae, Cytinus L.
f. 150r, c Asphodelaceae, Asphodelus cf. ramosus L.
f. 151r, a Apocynaceae, Nerium oleander L.
f. 151r, b Cruciferae, cf. Sisymbrium L.
f. 151r, c Adiantaceae, Adiantum capillus-veneris L.
f. 152r, a Boraginaceae, Lithospermum officinale L.
f. 152r, b Compositae, Leontodon tuberosus L.
f. 152r, c Leguminosae, Lathyrus cf. sylvestris L.
f. 153r, a Dicotyledon
f. 153r, b Rosaceae, Fragaria vesca L.
f. 154r, a Capparidaceae, Capparis spinosa L.
f. 154r, b Leguminosae, Spartium junceum L.
f. 155r, a Compositae, Artemisia vulgaris L.
f. 155r, b Labiatae, Origanum vulgare L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 156r Cyperaceae, Cyperus cf. longus L.
f. 157r, a cf. Leguminosae
f. 157r, b Leguminosae, Medicago cf. arabica (L.) Huds.
f. 157r, c Primulaceae, Anagallis arvensis L.
f. 157r, d Primulaceae, Anagallis arvensis L.
f. 158r Asparagaceae, Muscari comosum (L.) Mill.
f. 159r, a Leguminosae, Trigonella L.
f. 159r, b Leguminosae, Melilotus cf. italicus (L.) Lam.
f. 159r, c Plantaginaceae, Plantago afra L.
f. 159r, d Rosaceae, Cydonia oblonga Mill.
f. 159r, e Umbelliferae, cf. Coriandrum sativum L.
f. 160r Aspleniaceae, Phyllitis sagittata (DC.) Guinea & Heywood
f. 161r, a Dicotyledon
f. 161r, b Asparagaceae, Bellevalia cf. romana (L.) Sweet
f. 161r, c Amaryllidaceae, Narcissus pseudonarcissus L.
f. 161r, d Amaryllidaceae, Narcissus tazetta L.
f. 162r, a Asparagaceae, Muscari cf. atlanticum Boiss. & Reut.
f. 162r, b Boraginaceae
f. 162r, c Cruciferae, Thlaspi perfoliatum L.
f. 162r, d Rubiaceae, Rubia peregrina L.
f. 163r, a Euphorbiaceae, Euphorbia cf. amygdaloides L.
f. 163r, b Labiatae, Ajuga reptans L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 163r, c Ranunculaceae, Adonis L.
f. 164r, a Ranunculaceae, Anemone nemorosa L.
f. 164r, b cf. Boraginaceae
f. 164r, c Leguminosae, Coronilla scorpioides (L.) W.D.J.Koch
f. 164r, d Ranunculaceae, Ranunculus cf. peltatus Schrank
f. 164r, e Ranunculaceae, Ranunculus L.
f. 164r, f Scrophulariaceae, Veronica cymbalaria Bodard
f. 165r, a Cruciferae, Alliaria petiolata (M.Bieb.) Cavara & Grande
f. 165r, b Umbelliferae
f. 165r, c Compositae, Centaurea cf. centaurium L.
f. 165r, d Compositae, Achillea cf. millefolium L.
f. 166r, a Leguminosae, Vicia faba L.
f. 166r, b Leguminosae, Medicago L.
f. 166r, c Compositae
f. 166r, d Labiatae, Stachys annua (L.) L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 166r, e Ranunculaceae, Ranunculus arvensis L.
f. 167r, a Rubiaceae, Cruciata laevipes Opiz
f. 167r, b Resedaceae, Reseda alba L.
f. 167r, c Buxaceae, Buxus sempervirens L.
f. 167r, d Caryophyllaceae, Stellaria cf. media (L.) Vill.
f. 167r, e Boraginaceae, cf. Anchusa L.
f. 168r, a Gramineae, Avena cf. sterilis L. [fide A. Quintanar].
f. 168, b Gramineae, Bromus cf. sterilis L. [fide A. Quintanar].
f. 168r, c Gramineae, Hordeum murinum L. [fide A. Quintanar].
f. 168r, d Compositae, Rhagadiolus edulis Gaertn.
f. 168r, e Linaceae, Linum L.
f. 169r, a Urticaceae, Urtica pilulifera L.
f. 169r, b Leguminosae, Trifolium L.
f. 169r, c Boraginaceae, Myosotis cf. stricta Link
f. 170r, a Berberidaceae, Berberis vulgaris L.
f. 170r, b Scrophulariaceae, Veronica beccabunga L.
f. 170r, c Dicotyledon
f. 170r, d Iridaceae, Gladiolus communis L.
f. 171r, a Leguminosae, Cytisus villosus Pourr.
f. 171r, b Compositae, Chrysanthemum coronarium L.
f. 171r, c Leguminosae, Pisum sativum L.
f. 172r, a Compositae, Tragopogon L.
f. 172r, b Labiatae, Acinos alpinus (L.) Moench [fide R. Morales].
f. 172r, c Cistaceae, Cistus cf. incanus L.
f. 173r, a Scrophulariaceae, Cymbalaria cf. muralis G.Gaertn. & al.
f. 173r, b Caryophyllaceae, Cerastium L.
f. 173r, c Ranunculaceae, Anemone apennina L.
f. 173r, d Asparagaceae, Ornithogalum cf. narbonense L.
f. 174r, a Geraniaceae, Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hér.
f. 174r, b Amaryllidaceae, Allium triquetrum L.
f. 174r, c Compositae, Senecio cineraria DC.
f. 174r, d Labiatae, Lamium maculatum L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 175r, a Compositae, Galactites tomentosa Moench
f. 175r, b Violaceae, Viola cf. riviniana Rchb.
f. 175r, c Dicotyledon
f. 176r, a Plantaginaceae, Plantago coronopus L.
f. 176r, b Liliaceae
f. 177r, a Umbelliferae, cf. Echinophora spinosa L.
f. 177r, b Leguminosae, Medicago cf. marina L.
f. 177r, c Cruciferae, Lepidium latifolium L.
f. 177r, d Leguminosae, Laburnum anagyroides Medik.
f. 178r, a Monocotyledon
f. 178r, b Aristolochiaceae, Aristolochia clematitis L.
f. 178r, c Compositae, cf. Chrysanthemum coronarium L.
f. 178r, d Monocotyledon
f. 178r, e Monocotyledon
f. 179r, a Betulaceae, Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.
f. 179r, b Cupressaceae, Juniperus phoenicea L.
f. 179r, c Orchidaceae, cf. Cephalanthera damasonium (Mill.) Druce
f. 180r, a Umbelliferae, Eryngium cf. maritimum L.
f. 180r, b Leguminosae, Hymenocarpos circinnatus (L.) Savi
f. 180r, c Scrophulariaceae, Bartsia trixago L.
f. 181r Papaveraceae, Glaucium flavum Crantz
f. 182r, a Dioscoreaceae, Tamus communis L.
f. 182r, b Gramineae, Lolium cf. perenne L.
f. 182r, c Gramineae, Lolium cf. rigidum Gaudin [fide A. Quintanar].
f. 182r, d Gramineae, Aegylops cf. geniculata Roth [fide A. Quintanar].
f. 182r, e Resedaceae, Reseda luteola L.
f. 183r, a Umbelliferae, Sanicula europaea L.
f. 183r, b Saxifragaceae, Saxifraga cf. granulata L.
f. 184r, a Cyperaceae, Carex cf. pendula Huds.
f. 184r, b Aquifoliaceae, Ilex aquifolium L.
f. 185r Umbelliferae, Bupleurum lancifolium Hornem.
f. 186r, a Leguminosae, Ononis spinosa L.
f. 186r, b Cruciferae, Myagrum perfoliatum L.
f. 186r, c Primulaceae, Lysimachia nummularia L.
f. 187r, a Dicotyledon
f. 187r, b Scrophulariaceae, Veronica L.
f. 187r, c Labiatae, Acinos arvensis (Lam.) Dandy [fide R. Morales].
f. 187r, d Labiatae, Prunella vulgaris L. [fide R. Morales].
f. 187r, e Cruciferae
f. 188r, a Chenopodiaceae, Chenopodium botrys L.
f. 188r, b Solanaceae, Hyoscyamus albus L.
f. 188r, c Leguminosae, Genista cf. anglica L.
f. 188r, d Compositae, cf. Artemisia L.
f. 188r, e Parnassiaceae, Parnassia palustris L.
f. 189r, a Gramineae, Phalaris cf. canariensis L.
f. 189r, b Dicotyledon
f. 189r, c Loranthaceae, Viscum album L.
f. 190r, a Ranunculaceae, Aconitum cf. napellus L.
f. 190r, b Dicotyledon
DISCUSSION
In the Mendoza Herbarium, as in most early herbaria, there is no systematic structure in the arrangement of the taxa, nor in their uses, nor in any other conceivable organisation. Among the Renaissance herbaria, one has to wait for Cesalpino’s herbarium, compiled in 1563, to find a herbarium with an arrangement based on a protosystematics (Cesalpino 1583; Baldini & al. 2022). This could suggest that the Mendoza Herbarium was mainly used to associate the names of the plants with specimens (Cristofolini 2024: 8).
Carrión (2017: 56) highlights Mendoza’s interest in the then emerging sciences of the time, but points out that it is unlikely that Mendoza himself was the collector of the plants in this herbarium. The text and the literature surrounding the herbarium provide no evidence of previous owners of the books or intermediaries who might have acquired these volumes from a botanist. The heterogeneity of the volumes in several aspects such as the arrangement of the plants or the size of the folios and their watermarks, as well as the repetition of some species, could suggest that they are the product of the hand of several authors, finally compiled and bound homogeneously. It is interesting to note that at least twelve different watermarks have been identified in a preliminary examination. However, these are indications that cannot be considered conclusive. In any case, the botanist or botanists who compiled the collection remain unknown.
According to Cristofolini (2024: 6) the Mendoza Herbarium incorporated plants from several Spanish botanists, including A. Laguna, taking up a presumed information of Andretta & Pardo-Tomás (2020). In fact, Andretta & Pardo-Tomás (2020: 14–17) only study the relationship between A. Laguna and D. Hurtado de Mendoza, who happened to be living in Rome at the time when Mendoza was ambassador to the Holy See. These authors point out that A. Laguna had access to a copy of the Greek codex of Dioscorides on which he based his annotated Dioscorides (Laguna 1555), which came from Mendoza’s library through his collaborator J. Páez de Castro. Andretta & Pardo-Tomás (2020: 14–17), in their analysis of A. Laguna’s activity, show that he collected several plants in the surroundings of Rome, as he himself indicates (Laguna 1555), and that some of them bear the same name as some of the plants preserved in the Mendoza herbarium, but they do not affirm that A. Laguna was the collector of them. In all the cases cited by Andretta & Pardo-Tomás (2020: 14–17), we have been able to verify that there is no annotation in the Mendoza Herbarium that these plants were collected by A. Laguna. Therefore, unless there is evidence to the contrary, their authorship can be excluded. Thijsse (2022: 18) also suggests that Laguna was involved in the acquisition or production of the Mendoza Herbarium but without providing additional direct evidence.
The spectrum of the best represented families is compatible with an Italian origin of the plants (Peruzzi 2014, Stefanaki & al. 2018). There is an overrepresentation bias of Labiatae, Umbelliferae and Solanaceae, probably due to the medicinal interest of these groups. The current distribution of the identified species also supports a presumed Italian origin of the herbarium, but is not conclusive, as they are mostly species with a wide Mediterranean distribution that could have been collected in the wild or in a garden.
With regard to the origin of the herbarium, we should take into account the important contribution of Andretta & Pardo-Tomás (2020: 17–20), who have identified four annotations in Volume I with a geographical indication that deserve further discussion. One of the most interesting cases is that of the annotation accompanying Rumex cf. aquaticus (f. 161r): “Reubarbarum quod / fuit portatum de iudea / semem. plantatum romae / anno 1538 in domo./ Cardinalis Cesarinjs. ” (Rhubarb whose seed was brought from Judea. Planted in Rome in the year 1538 in the house of Cardinal Cesarini) (Fig. 4). In this case, Andretta & Pardo-Tomás (2020: 19) suggest that the plant in the Mendoza herbarium was collected in Rome on the basis of this reference, which only indicates where the species was planted. The same authors also mention similar cases of Crataegus cf. azarolus (f. 6v, f. 7r), Sambucus nigra (f. 50v) and Melia azedarach (f. 52v). In the case of these three plants, the accompanying notes mention localities near Rome where these plants grew, but it is by no means certain that the specimens in the Mendoza herbarium were collected in these localities near Rome. It is therefore interesting to note that the annotations accompanying the plants are not herbarium labels in the current sense, where the data corresponding to each collection are recorded, but simple notes or comments by the users (or perhaps the author) of the herbarium, not necessarily contemporaneous with the formation of the herbarium.
Images of a specimen of <italic toggle="yes">Rumex</italic> from the Mendoza Herbarium:a, <italic toggle="yes">Rumex</italic> cf. <italic toggle="yes">aquaticus</italic> L. (Volume I, f. 161r); b, close-up on the annotation with relevant information: “Reubarbarum quod / fuit portatum de iudea / semem. plantatum romae / anno 1538 in domo./ Cardinalis Cesarinjs.” (Rhubarb whose seed was brought from Judea. Planted in Rome in the year 1538 in the house of Cardinal Cesarini).
Similarly, the only date mentioned in the herbarium is that given in the aforementioned case of Rumex cf. aquaticus (vol. I, f. 161r): ”1538”. This date only supports the hypothesis that the herbarium is later than that year and is therefore compatible with the idea that it was acquired by Mendoza during his stay in Italy (1539–1554). It remains to be checked whether the notes referring to Dioscorides or other texts allow us to deduce more precise dates for the formation of the Mendoza herbarium, as has been done for other herbaria of the period (Stefanaki & al., 2019; Cristofolini & Nepi 2021). Thijsse (2022: 18) provides a detailed analysis of the lost and surviving 16th-century herbaria, completing the information overlooked by Baldini & al. (2022). This author chronologically orders the 36 herbaria that survive from this period and suggests that the Mendoza herbarium is the second oldest, probably established between 1545 and 1554.
In conclusion, the three main questions about the Mendoza Herbarium are: Who is the author? Where did the plants come from? And when were they collected? These three questions remain to be answered on the basis of conclusive evidence. With the available information (Carrión 2017; Andretta & Pardo-Tomás 2020), it is plausible that the herbarium was acquired by Mendoza during his stay in Italy (1539–1554) from one or more intermediaries or botanists, who obtained the plants from an Italian garden, and perhaps collected some in their natural habitat.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful to J.L. del Valle Merino, P. Fernández Rodríguez and other members of the staff of the Library of the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial for the facilities they have always provided for consulting of the herbarium and for their valuable suggestions on various technical aspects of these manuscripts, such as binding and folio numbering. We are indebted to E. García Guillén (Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC) for locating the trace of the Mendoza herbarium in the work of Tournefort. The following colleagues were kind enough to help us with the identification of the specimens: I. Ahl, S. Andrés, M.J. Cano, M.B. Crespo, M. Dueñas, U. Eggli, M.Á. García, J. Güemes, P. Heras, M. Infante, V. Jiménez Rico, A. Quintanar, R. Morales, J.P. Reduron, E. Rico & Ó. Sánchez Pedraja.
AUTHORSHIP CONTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Carlos AEDO: Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Writing–original draft, Writing–review & editing. Mauricio VELAYOS: Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Writing–review & editing.
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