INTRODUCTION
⌅Ethnobotany, which investigates human relationships with plants, holds relevance in numerous areas of contemporary global importance, such as food security, climate change, biodiversity preservation, and human health. Ethnobotanical research offers understanding into how communities engage with their natural resources on a local level. Ethnobotanical investigations have the capacity to merge indigenous and scientific knowledge to promote the pursuit of biocultural conservation (Pardo de Santayana & Gómez Pellón 2003Pardo de SantayanaM. & Gómez PellónE.2003. Ethnobotany: traditional use of plants and cultural heritage. Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid60: 17–182.; Lado 2004LadoC.2004. Sustainable environmental resource utilisation: a case study of farmers’ ethnobotanical knowledge and rural change in Bungoma district, Kenya. Applied Geography24: 281–302.; Camou-Guerrero & al. 2016Camou-GuerreroA., CasasA., Moreno-CallesA.I., Aguilera-LaraJ., Garrido-RojasD., Rangel-LandaS., TorresI., Pérez-NegrónE., SolísL., BlancasJ., GuillénS., ParraF. & Rivera-LozoyaE.2016. Ethnobotany in Mexico: history, development, and perspectives. InLiraR., CasasA., BlancasJ. (eds.), Ethnobotany of Mexico: Interactions of People and Plants in Mesoamerica: 21–39. Springer, New York.; Gaoue & al. 2017GaoueO.G., CoeM.A., BondM., HartG., SeylerB.C. & McMillenH.2017. Theories and major hypotheses in ethnobotany. Economic Botany71: 269–287.; Pei 2020PeiS., AlanH. & WangY.2020. Vital roles for ethnobotany in conservation and sustainable development. Plant diversity42: 399–400.).
Türkiye is a country renowned for its very rich geomorphological, topographic and climatic diversity, which has fostered a wide array of plant species across its territory. This rich biodiversity in conjunction with Türkiye 's cultural diversity has significantly contributed to the country's wealth in ethnobotanical uses. Besides, advancements in science and technology, and public awareness on the importance of ethnobotanical knowledge, have played a pivotal role in enhancing the appreciation of botanical resources an. Moreover, the development of methods and techniques for harnessing plant products has accelerated ethnobotanical research efforts (Demirtürk 1990DemirtürkY.1990. Evaluation of our medicinal plants. Journal of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Affairs53: 12–16.) and many studies have been carried out recently (Baytop 1999BaytopT.1999. Treatment with Herbs in Türkiye: Past and Present. Istanbul Univ. Press, no. 3255, Istanbul (in Turkish).; Tuzlacı 2006TuzlacıE.2006. For healing purposes: Herbal folk remedies of Türkiye. Alpha publications, Istanbul.; Faydaoğlu & Sürücüoğlu 2011FaydaoğluE. & SürücüoğluM.S.2011. The use and economic importance of medicinal and aromatic plants from past to present. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty11: 52–67.; Güneş & al. 2018GüneşS., Savran, A., PaksoyM.Y. & ÇakılcıoğluU.2018. Survey of wild food plants for human consumption in Karaisalı (Adana-Turkey). Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge17: 290–298.; Ulcay & Şenel 2020UlcayS. & ŞenelG.2020. An ethnobotanical study on some medicinal and edible plants distributed around Tokat in Turkey. Academic Platform Journal of Engineering and Science8: 62–69.; Korkmaz 2023Korkmaz, M.2024. Traditional uses of wild plants in the villages around esence mountains (Eastern Anatolia-Turkiye). Pakistan Journal of Botany56: 597–610.; Ulcay & Şenel 2024UlcayS. & SenelG.2024. Plants used in traditional therapy in Pazar (Tokat-Türkiye) and their ethnobotanical properties. Pakistan Journal Botany56: 207–217.).
Despite this ethnobotanical richness, the exact number of traditionally used medicinal plants is not known. However, estimates range between 500 and 1000 species (Öztürk & Özçelik 1991ÖztürkM. & ÖzçelikH.1991. Useful plants of Eastern Anatolia. Siirt Science Sports Culture and Research Foundation, Semih Ofset Printing Facilities, Ankara.; Selvi & al. 2022SelviS., PolatR., ÇakilcioğluU., CelepF., DirmenciT. & ErtuğZ.F.2022. An ethnobotanical review on medicinal plants of the Lamiaceae family in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany46: 283–332.), representing 0.4% of the 25,791 plants considered medicinal (Öztürk & Özçelik 1991ÖztürkM. & ÖzçelikH.1991. Useful plants of Eastern Anatolia. Siirt Science Sports Culture and Research Foundation, Semih Ofset Printing Facilities, Ankara.; RBG Kew 2020RBG Kew. 2020. The state of the world’s plants report-2020. Royal Botanic Gardens, London.). Notably, Türkiye is also home to numerous endangered species and narrowly distributed endemic species, reflecting a high degree of endemism within its borders (Eken & Ataol 2006).
Interest in ethnobotanical studies has not only increased in Türkiye, but also considerably all over the world (Yıldırımlı 2004YıldırımlıŞ.2004. Ethnobotany and Turkish Ethnobotany Kebikeç. Journal of Resource Research for the Humanities9(17): 175–194.; Onar 2006OnarS.2006. Ethnobotany of Bandirma (A1 (A), Balıkesir) and its environs. Master Thesis, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Çanakkale.), being ethnobotanical studies very relevant for drug production research. However, there are still regions where only limited field studies have been conducted. For instance, the ethnobotanical richness of the Kırşehir province remains largely unexplored, despite its rich biodiversity and the traditional knowledge of its inhabitants. Çelik and Yeşil (2020ÇelikB. & YeşilY.2020. An ethnobotanical study in Pöhrenk village (Çiçekdağı-Kırşehir province/Turkey). İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy50: 131–141.) documented the utilization of 51 wild taxa in the village of Pöhrenk (Çiçekdağı) and documented the use of 32 wild taxa for food and only nine for medicinal purposes, highlighting the need for broader ethnobotanical surveys to uncover the full spectrum of traditional plant use in the region. Therefore, we conducted an ethnobotanical study aimed to document traditional medicinal and wild food uses of plants to serve as a foundational resource for future research in the field of healthcare, especially pharmacy and phytotherapy.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
⌅Study area
⌅Kırşehir is situated within the Central Kızılırmak region of the Central Anatolia Region. It covers an area of 6530 km2. The province’s landmass, which roughly resembles a parallelogram, constitutes 0.8% of the country’s total land area, 2.9% of the Central Anatolian Region’s land, and ranks 53rd in terms of surface area. The geographical coordinates of the province range between 38°50’–39°50’ North latitude and 33°30’–34°50’ East longitude. The southernmost point of the province is the town of Ulupınar, while the northernmost point is the Konurkale village in Çiçekdağı. The westernmost point is Kaman Büğüz village, and the easternmost point is Mucur Kılıçlı village. Its mean elevation above sea level is 985 meters. The province's distances to the sea, measured as the crow flies, are 362 km to Anamur Cape in the Mediterranean Sea to the south and 334 km to Sinop in the Black Sea to the north (Özüçetin 2013ÖzüçetinY.2013. Kirşehir (Political History and Kırşehir History Bibliography). Gökçe Ofset Printing House, Ankara.).
The study area encompasses the central district of Kırşehir, its surrounding villages, and the districts of Akçakent, Akpınar, Boztepe, Çiçekdağı, Kaman, Merkez, and Mucur, along with select villages. The villages visited were Özbağ, Yazıkınık, Dulkadirli, Eskidoğanlı, Yenidoğanlı, Seyfe, Kuşaklı, Tatık, Kargın Yenice, İsahocalı, Yelek, Kurugöl, Çimeli, Kortulu, Karakurt, Sevdiğin, Sıdıklıbüyükoba, Kortulu, Yağmurlu, Küçükteflek, Büyükteflek.
Kırşehir, located in the steppe belt of the Central Anatolia Region, has a continental climate. There is generally no forest cover in the province and the dominant natural vegetation is steppe. The people make their living from agriculture and animal husbandry. Cattle farming is common. Field crops are grown in 66.2% of the agricultural areas in the province, vegetables are grown in 0.6%, and fruits are grown in 0.9%. Since only 9.3% of the agricultural areas in the province are irrigated and rainfall is low, dry farming is generally practiced. Local people grow wheat, barley, chickpeas, sunflowers, corn, melons, watermelons, green beans, walnuts, apples and pears. People living in rural areas mostly obtain medicinal plants by collecting them from nature (Pehlivanlı &Tanrıverdi 2018PehlivanlıE.A & TanrıverdiH.2018. Kırşehir Agriculture and Livestock Plan Preparation Project. Kırşehir Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry Publications, Kırşehir (Türkiye).).
Data collection
⌅An ethnobotanical study was carried between 2018 and 2020. Markets frequented by villagers from rural areas were visited to identify individuals with knowledge and experience in traditional folk medicine and wild food plants. Information was received from the vendors coming from the villages about whether there were medicinal plants in their villages and who we could contact. The village resident whose phone number was taken was called. During the phone calls, the interviewees were informed that we would meet in person and the meeting date was determined. On the planned day, the villages were visited and the questions summarized in Table 1 were asked. Since it was a semi-structured interview approach, knowledge of edible plants was also documented during the interviews. The first people we met referred us to other residents of the village and we had face-to-face meetings with them. We visited them at their home. Additionally, some of the people we visited in their homes participated in field trips. The survey included questions regarding the demographic characteristics of the participants, the name of the species, its medicinal purposes, as well as details about the part of the plant used, preparation method, amount and frequency of use. Individuals who chose not to disclose their names and surnames were identified only as men or women (Table 1). The survey included questions regarding the demographic characteristics of the participants, the name of the species, its medicinal purposes, as well as details about the part of the plant used, preparation method, amount and frequency of use. Individuals who chose not to disclose their names and surnames were identified only as men or women. Additionally, information about edible plants and other uses was obtained.
Field visits
⌅Additionally, field sites where the plants utilized and sold are gathered were visited. Field trips were conducted to observe the plants during both their vegetative and generative phases. This approach aims to gather the plants at different growth stages and maintain ongoing surveillance of the plants marketed or employed. Most of the field trips were combined with neighborhood visits, and attention was paid to visit the research area together with the villagers as much as possible. 21 volunteers, whose homes we visited, accompanied us on field trips.
Plant materials
⌅The plants were pressed in the field and herbarium samples were prepared. They were kept in the laboratory of Kırşehir Ahi Evran University Field Crops Department prepared for identification using the “Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands” (Davis 1965–1985DavisP.H.1965–1985. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, Vol. 1–9.; Güner & al. 2012GünerA., AslanS., OctoberT., VuralM. & BabaçM.T. (eds.). 2012. List of Plants of Turkey (Veinous Plants). Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanical Garden and Flora Research Association Publication, Istanbul.). Plant scientific names of species and families were checked from http://www.theplantlist.org/, https://powo.science.kew.org/, https://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/, and the book “List of Plants of Türkiye” (Güner & al. 2012GünerA., AslanS., OctoberT., VuralM. & BabaçM.T. (eds.). 2012. List of Plants of Turkey (Veinous Plants). Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanical Garden and Flora Research Association Publication, Istanbul.). The species were barcoded according to the information at http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ and https://powo.science.kew.org/. Endemicity of taxa has been checked in the book “List of Plants of Turkey” (Güner & al. 2012GünerA., AslanS., OctoberT., VuralM. & BabaçM.T. (eds.). 2012. List of Plants of Turkey (Veinous Plants). Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanical Garden and Flora Research Association Publication, Istanbul.). Also, the names of local plants were checked on the webpage of the Turkish Language Association (TLA) to confirm whether they were Turkish or not (http://tdkterim.gov.tr/bts/).
Data Analysis
⌅In order to reflect the relative significance of the taxa utilized we relied on the simplified version of the Use-Value (UV) index defined by Phillips & Gentry (1993) (Cakılcıoglu & Turkoglu 2010CakilciogluU. & TurkogluI.2010. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Sivrice (Elazığ, Turkey). Journal of Ethnopharmacology132: 165–175.; Zenderland & al. 2023). The UV was calculated using the formula UVs = ΣUi/, where UV refers to the use value of a species; Ui to the number of use-report or citations of species s, and N to the total number of informants (Table1).
To assess the level of consensus among individuals regarding the utilization of plants for various conditions and to evaluate the reliability and efficacy of medicinal plants in addressing them, we employed the Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) proposed by Trotter & Logan (1986TrotterR., LoganM.1986. Informant consensus: new approach for identifying potentially effective medicinal plants. InEtkinN.L. (ed.), Indigenous Medicine and Diet: Behavioural Approaches: 91–112. Redgrave Publishers, New York.). This index was computed was calculated using the formula ICFc = Nur- Nt/Nur-1, where Nt represents the number of taxa used for treating the condition c, and Nur indicates the total number of use-reports or citations in each category. The ICF ranges from 0, indicating no consensus among participants, to 1 signifying complete agreement among participants on the plants utilized for a specific purpose. In other words, medicinal plants presumed to be effective in treating particular diseases have higher ICF values (Teklehaymanot & Giday 2007TeklehaymanotT. & GidayM.2007. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by people in Zegie Peninsula, northwestern Ethiopia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine3: 12.).
RESULTS
⌅180 individuals participated in our study and provided information regarding plants. The participation rate of men was 29%, while the participation rate of women was 71%. Among the participants, 82.4% were married, and 43.1% have completed primary school education. Furthermore, 63.9% of the participants reside in villages, whereas 33.7% live in urban areas. Regarding occupation, 60.6% were housewives, and 21.2% were farmers. The majority of participants fall within the age range of 45–55.
A total of 80 plant species during flowering and fruiting periods were collected in the field visits. The study documented the utilization of these species for medicinal and food purposes belonging to 28 families within the research area. Thirty-four species were used only for medicinal purposes, 31 for both medicinal purposes and for food, 15 were used only for food. The plants used in the region are presented in Appendix 1 alphabetically arranged according to their plant family and botanical names, together with the relevant ethnobotanical information. The most common medicinal plant families according to the number of useful species were Asteraceae (22 taxa) Lamiaceae (8), Brassicaceae (7), Rosaceae (6) and Amaranthaceae (6), Malvaceae (5) and Polygonaceae (4) (Appendix 1).
The most commonly used plant species according to their UV were Mentha arvensis L. (0.5), Teucrium polium L. (0.45), Sinapis alba L. (0.44), Mentha pulegium L. (0.44), Mentha longifolia (L.) L. (0.42), Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. (0.38), Juglans regia L. (0.38), Vitis vinifera L. (0.37), Gundelia tournefortii L. (0.33), Alcea biennis Winterl. (0.28), Plantago major subsp. intermedia (Gilib.) Lange (0.26), Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) A.W. Hill (0.02), Raphanus raphanistrum L. (0.25) and Salvia virgata Jacq. (0.25) (Appendix 1). Mentha arvensis, M. pulegium, M. longifolia and J. regia are utilized for both medicinal and culinary purposes, while T. polium, V. vinifera, A. biennis, P. major subsp. intermedia and S. virgata exclusively for medicinal applications and S. alba, C. bursa-pastoris, G. tournefortii and R. raphanistrum were employed only as a food source (Appendix 1).
Nine of the plants documented were cultivated species such as Vitis vinifera or Petroselinum crispum and the rest were wild growing authoctonous species (Cultivated plants were marked ** in Appendix 1). Nine of them being endemic (e.g., Helichrysum arenarium subsp. aucheri (Boiss.) P.H. Davis & Kupicha, Onopordum anatolicum Boiss. & Heldr. ex Eig, Taraxacum microcephaloides Soest, Astragalus condensatus Ledeb, Astragalus kirshehiricus D.F.Chamb., Astragalus tokatensis Fisch., Crocus ancyrensis (Herb.) Maw. Verbascum vulcanicum var. vulcanicum Boiss. & Heldr., Verbascum wiedemannianum Fisch. & C.A.Mey.). Endemic taxa were marked * in Appendix 1. The most common parts were leaf (38.7%), flowers (30.1%), fruits (15.05%) roots (6.45%), and seeds (5.3%). The most used preparation methods are infusion 33.3%, decoction 21.42%, and raw use 17.85% (Appendix 1).
Ten of the plants consumed as food (such as Amaranthus blitoides, Malva sylvestris) were consumed by cooking. The fruits of 8 plants (such as Vitis vinifera L., Cydonia oblonga Mill., Crataegus orientalis Pall. ex M.Bieb.,Crataegus monogyna Jacq., Juglans regia L.,) were eaten raw. Some plants, such as Taraxacum microcephaloides Soest, Sinapis alba L., Sinapis arvensis L. Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) A.W.Hill were consumed by making salads.
Medicinal plants were grouped in 22 disease categories (Fig. 1). Local people most frequently used medical plants for the treatment of cataracts (ICF 1.00), gonorrhea (1.00), hand tremors (1.00), kidney stones (1.00), hematology issues (0.98) cholesterol-related concerns, (0.98), cancer (0.95), gastro-intestinal conditions (0.88), dermatologic conditions (0.87), internal diseases (0.87), cardiovascular issues (0.86), and respiratory issues such as shortness of breath, asthma (0.83) (Fig. 1).
Plants consumed as food were generally prepared cooked. Species of the genera Mentha L., Salvia L., Thymus L., Origanum L., and Nigella L., were consumed as spices. Lastly, some species such as the fruits of Juglans regia, Sorbus umbellata Fritsch and Crataegus orientalis Pall. ex M. Bieb. were usually consumed raw (Appendix 1).
The usage patterns and preparation methods of some of the plants we have identified are quite interesting. Additionally, as far as we know, there is no information yet about these methods. Alcea biennis Winterl. flowers were infused in a cup of boiled milk for ten minutes. The filtered milk is drunk. When this application was repeated for 4 days in the morning and evening, it was good for chronic cough that develops in the post-covid period and all coughs of bacterial origin. According to the information given by the local people, the seeds of Peganum harmala L. were roasted in a pan without oil and then stored in a jar after cooling. One of these seeds was swallowed every morning. It is stated that when this application was continued for a month, it was good for skin rashes and allergy itching. Again, it has been reported that when the fresh or dried seeds are boiled and drunk, it treats skin related ailments. Local people benefited from Urtica dioica in the treatment of eczema. Fresh Urtica dioica leaves and stem were placed in a cloth bag, the mouth was closed and beaten, after a little sap comes out, it was placed on the eczema area and covered with a stretch film. It was kept for 24 hours. This application was repeated 2–3 times a week. When the branches and leaves of the U. dioica were dried, infused and drunk, it treated eczema.
Euphorbia szovitsii var. szovitsii Fisch. & C.A.Mey. leaves were dried and powdered, mixed with henna and put on the wound. Thus, the wound heals quickly. This mixture was also used in the treatment of psoriasis. 1–2 drops of Euphorbia's milk stop the bleeding.
When Chenopodium urbicum L. leaves were dried and tea is drunk, it was used for therapeutic purposes in patients who cannot receive chemotherapy. It was stated that nettle leaves prepared by the same method can also be used in cancer treatment. Urtica dioica was also used as an immune system enhancer. It was reported by us for the first time that Astragalus species were used in the treatment of gonorrhea, heel spurs and rheumatic pains in the region.
DISCUSSION
⌅Systematic studies of traditional pharmacopoeias were urgently needed in Southern Europe, including Türkiye, in regions where industrial development had not led to the complete loss of traditions. Despite the centrality of medicinal cuisines and the consumption of healthy edibles in traditional folk medicine systems, little is known about the practice of food medicine (Pieroni 2000PieroniA.2000. Medicinal plants and food medicines in the folk traditions of the upper Lucca Province, Italy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology70: 235–273.; Etkin 2008EtkinN.L.2008. Edible medicines: an ethnopharmacology of food. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.). Therefore, our study is important because it reports medicinal plants that are also consumed as food (Abdul Aziz & al. 2021Abdul AzizM., UllahZ., AdnanM., SõukandR. & PieroniA.2021. The fading wild plant food–medicines in upper Chitral, NW Pakistan. Foods 10: 2494.). Although Kırşehir is located in central Anatolia, it has similar characteristics to the use of plants in the region where the Mediterranean climate prevails (Pieroni 2000PieroniA.2000. Medicinal plants and food medicines in the folk traditions of the upper Lucca Province, Italy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology70: 235–273.; Rivera & al. 2005RiveraD., ObonC., InocencioC., HeinrichM., VerdeA., FajardoJ. & LlorachR.2005. The ethnobotanical study of local Mediterranean food plants as medicinal resources in Southern Spain. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. Supplement 56: 97–114.). The traditional use of Onopordum, Taraxacum and Tragopogon, Rosmarinus species in food consumption is similar in Türkiye and some Mediterranean countries (Everest & Öztürk 2005EverestA. & OzturkE.2005. Focusing on the ethnobotanical uses of plants in Mersin and Adana provinces (Turkey). Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine1: 6.; Della & al. 2006DellaA., Paraskeva-HadjichambiD. & HadjichambisA.C.2006. An ethnobotanical survey of wild edible plants of Paphos and Larnaca countryside of Cyprus. Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine2: 1–9.; Martinez 2015MartinezM., PoirrierP., ChamyR., PrüferD., Schulze-GronoverC., JorqueraL. & RuizG.2015. Taraxacum officinale and related species–An ethnopharmacological review and its potential as a commercial medicinal plant. Journal of Ethnopharmacology169: 244–262.; Sánchez-Mata & Morales 2016Sánchez-Mata, D., Morales, R.2016. The Mediterranean Landscape and Wild Edible Plants. InSánchez-MataM., TardíoJ. (eds), Mediterranean Wild Edible Plants: 15–31. Springer, New York.; Şenkardeş & Tuzlacı 2016Şenkardeşİ. & TuzlaciE.2016. Wild edible plants of southern part of Nevşehir in Turkey. Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal20(1): 34–43.; Cakır 2017CakirE.A.2017. Traditional knowledge of wild edible plants of Igdir Province (East Anatolia, Turkey). Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae86: 1–20.; Ulcay & Şenel 2020UlcayS. & ŞenelG.2020. An ethnobotanical study on some medicinal and edible plants distributed around Tokat in Turkey. Academic Platform Journal of Engineering and Science8: 62–69.; Emre & al. 2021EmreG., DoganA., HaznedarogluM.Z., SenkardesI., UlgerM., SatirogluA., EmmezB.C & TugayO.2021. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Mersin (Turkey). Frontiers in Pharmacology12: 664500.; Ulcay & Şenel 2024UlcayS. & SenelG.2024. Plants used in traditional therapy in Pazar (Tokat-Türkiye) and their ethnobotanical properties. Pakistan Journal Botany56: 207–217.). In some regions of Türkiye, there is also commonality in the use of local names for plants. In the provinces close to Kırşehir, Cichorium intybus was called “çıtlık”, Onopordum carduchorum was called “kangal”, Capsella bursa-pastoris was called “kuşekmeği”, Sinapis arvensis was called “hardal”, some Tragopogon species were called “yemlik”, Astragalus species were called “geven”, Anthemis species were called “papatya” (Şenkardeş & Tuzlacı 2016Şenkardeşİ. & TuzlaciE.2016. Wild edible plants of southern part of Nevşehir in Turkey. Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal20(1): 34–43.; Ulcay & Şenel 2020UlcayS. & ŞenelG.2020. An ethnobotanical study on some medicinal and edible plants distributed around Tokat in Turkey. Academic Platform Journal of Engineering and Science8: 62–69.; Ulcay & Şenel 2024UlcayS. & SenelG.2024. Plants used in traditional therapy in Pazar (Tokat-Türkiye) and their ethnobotanical properties. Pakistan Journal Botany56: 207–217.).
This research showed that a rich ethnobotanical knowledge is still alive in Kırşehir. As far as we know no information about the medicinal use of Astragalus condensatus and Astragalus kirshehiricus among the public. Again, as far as we know, there was no information about the preparation method of Alcea biennis Winter in Covid cough and the public use of Chenopodium urbicum L. in cancer treatment. Peganum harmala L. which was generally used for incense in Türkiye, was used in the treatment of skin diseases (Itching, eczema) in Kırşehir. We would like to point out that old people use seeds of P. harmala in this way and young people were not aware of this information. Chenopodium urbicum was consumed as food by making food by the local people. Senkardes & Tuzlacı (2014SenkardesI. & TuzlaciE.2014. Some ethnobotanical notes from Gundogmus district (Antalya/Turkey). Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences4(2): 63–75.) states that the Chenopodium album L. subsp. album var. album L. was also cooked and eaten. In Kırşehir, Verbascum wiedemannianum Fisch. & C.A.Mey., Verbascum natolicum (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Hub.-Mor., Verbascum vulcanicum var. vulcanicum Boiss. & Heldr. types were used in the treatment of eczema, skin, warts, cough, and hemorrhoids. It had been stated that the Verbascum cheiranthifolium Boiss. var. asperulum (Boiss.) Murb. and Verbascum cheiranthiflium var. cheiranthifolium Boiss species are also used for the same purpose in the village of Pöhrek (Çelik & Yeşil 2020ÇelikB. & YeşilY.2020. An ethnobotanical study in Pöhrenk village (Çiçekdağı-Kırşehir province/Turkey). İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy50: 131–141.).
In various studies Hypericum perforatum L. was reported to be used for gastrointestinal problems, sedative (Woelk &1994WoelkH., BurkardG. & GrinwaldJ.1994. Benefits and risks of the Hypericum extract LI 160: drug monitoring study with 3250 patients. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology4: 534–538.; Akan & Bakır Sade 2015AkanH. & Bakır SadeY.2015. Investigation of the etnobotanical aspects the town Kâhta and village of Narince. BEU Journal of Science4: 219–248.), Sinapis arvensis L. for diabetes (Polat & Satıl 2012PolatR. & SatılF.2012. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Edremit Gulf (Balıkesir-Turkey). Journal of Ethnopharmacology139: 626–641.), Mentha piperita L., for anxiety, insomnia, digestive, halitosis, kidney diseases (Šavikin & al. 2013ŠavikinK., ZdunićG., MenkovićN., ŽivkovićJ., ĆujićN., TereščenkoM. & BigovićD.2013. Ethnobotanical study on traditional use of medicinal plants in South-Western Serbia, Zlatibor district. Journal of Ethnopharmacology146: 803–810.; Selvi & al. 2022SelviS., PolatR., ÇakilcioğluU., CelepF., DirmenciT. & ErtuğZ.F.2022. An ethnobotanical review on medicinal plants of the Lamiaceae family in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany46: 283–332.), Glaucium grandiflorum Boiss. & A.Huet (Morteza-Semnani & al. 2002Morteza-SemnaniK., SaeediM., HamidianM., VafamehrH. & DehpourA.R.2002. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic activity and acute toxicity of Glaucium grandiflorum extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology80: 181–186.) for analgesic and anti-inflammatory, Helichrysum armenium DC. for kidney stone (Kültür & al. 2021KültürŞ., Gürdal, B., SarıA. & MelikoğluG.2021. Traditional herbal remedies used in kidney diseases in Turkey: an overview. Turkish Journal of Botany45: 269–287.), Onopordum acanthium L. for hepatic diseases, hemorrhoids (Polat & al. 2013PolatR., CakilciogluU. & SatılF.2013. Traditional uses of medicinal plants in Solhan (Bingöl-Turkey). Journal of Ethnopharmacology148: 951–963.), Juglans regia, for diabetes (Sarahroodi 2009SarahroodiS.2009. Water Extract of Juglans regia L. and diabetes mellitus in Iranian traditional medicine. Qom University of Medical Sciences Journal3(3): 19–23.), Artemisia absinthium L. for parasites (Youssefi 2012). Vitis vinifera L. was used in the treatment of itching in India (Bhat & al. 2014BhatP., HegdeG.R., HegdeG. & MulgundG.S.2014. Ethnomedicinal plants to cure skin diseases—an account of the traditional knowledge in the coastal parts of Central Western Ghats, Karnataka, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology151: 493–502.). This taxon was used for cataract in the region of our study.
According to Ulcay & Şenel's (2020UlcayS. & ŞenelG.2020. An ethnobotanical study on some medicinal and edible plants distributed around Tokat in Turkey. Academic Platform Journal of Engineering and Science8: 62–69.), Rumex acetosella was consumed raw as food and was believed to be beneficial for colds. In our study, we found that it was also consumed for the same purpose in Kırşehir and its surrounding areas. Our study further revealed that when brewed and consumed, the leaves of R. acetosella can help reduce kidney stones, a finding not previously reported. Local residents also reported using various species of Astragalus for the treatment of conditions such as gonorrhea, heel spur, arthritis, joint and muscle pain. Meanwhile, Lysiuk & Darmohray (2016LysiukR. & Darmohray R.2016. Pharmacology and ethnomedicine of the genus Astragalus. International Journal of Pharmacology, Phytochemistry and Ethnomedicine3: 46–53.) mention that Astragalus species were used in folk medicine as a diuretic and cholesterol-lowering agent in the treatment of gynecological disorders.
This study focused on medicinal plants and food plants used in local folk medicine. Medicinal plants form the basis of modern medicine (Zarrelli 2022ZarrelliA.2022. Plants as biofactories to produce food, medicines, and materials for a true green revolution. International Journal of Molecular Sciences23: 5827.). The amount of use of these plants, their preparation methods and the diseases for which they are used are of vital importance. There is interest in wild food plants due to their nutritional and medicinal values in order to expand the diversity of the human diet (Abdul Aziz & al. 2021Abdul AzizM., UllahZ., AdnanM., SõukandR. & PieroniA.2021. The fading wild plant food–medicines in upper Chitral, NW Pakistan. Foods10: 2494.). There were hundreds of field ethnobotanical studies devoted to food or medicinal uses of wild species, but to date food-medicine plants in cultural contexts remains understudied, although the studies show a general resurgence. More comprehensive research is needed on the therapeutic and pharmacological properties of the plants revealed in this study and used in traditional treatment and consumed as food.
The information presented here relies on the firsthand accounts of local people. It is crucial to bear in mind that plants have the potential to inflict permanent harm if not handled with caution. Finally, further comprehensive investigations are essential regarding the therapeutic and pharmacological characteristics of the mentioned plants.
The increasing global demand for medicinal plants, due to factors such as population growth, urbanization and increasing interest in alternative medicine, puts significant pressure on the populations of these plants. In addition, habitat destruction, overharvesting, climate change and unsustainable harvesting practices further increase the difficulties faced by these plants (Shukla 2023ShuklaS.K.2023. Conservation of medicinal plants: challenges and opportunities. Journal of Medicinal Botany7: 5–10.). Studies on endangered species and the identification of destroyed areas in the region should also be carried out. With these factors, efforts to cultivate both edible and medicinal plants should be accelerated. There is also a need to raise public awareness about collecting plants from nature.
In addition, the source of most of the information obtained in this study is the elderly living in the region. Considering that young people are not very aware of traditional knowledge, the findings are also important in terms of recording traditional knowledge and transferring cultural heritage.